Amino acids poultry

One particular area of concern is the feeding of protein to monogastric organic animals. In conventional production, current production relies on providing supplementary synthetic amino acids. Poultry has a high demand for sulfur-containing amino acids and pigs have a... 

Fig. X-1. Roast turkey, a good source of amino acids. Poultry, which embraces a wide variety of birds of several species, appears more frequently in the diet of people throughout the world than any other type of meat. (Courtesy, National Turkey Federation, Reston, Va.)... 

Urea is also used as feed supplement for mminants, where it assists in the utilization of protein. Urea is one of the raw materials for urea—formaldehyde resins. Urea (with ammonia) pyrolyzes at high temperature and pressure to form melamine plastics (see also Cyanamides). Urea is used in the preparation of lysine, an amino acid widely used in poultry feed (see Amino acids Feeds and feed additives, petfoods). It also is used in some pesticides. 

Because of the simplicity of swiae and poultry feeds, most feed manufacturers add vitamins (qv) and trace minerals to ensure an adequate supply of essential nutrients. Amino acids (qv) such as methionine [7005-18-7] lysiae [56-87-17, threonine [36676-50-3] and tryptophan [6912-86-3], produced by chemical synthesis or by fermentation (qv), are used to fortify swiae and poultry diets. The use of these supplements to provide the essential amino acids permits diets with lower total cmde proteia coateat. 

Most of the bacteria, yeasts, molds, and higher fungi of interest for SCP production are deficient in methionine and must be supplemented with this amino acid to be suitable for animal feeding or human food appHcations. Also, lysine—arginine ratios should be adjusted in poultry rations in which yeast SCP is used (62). Human feeding studies have shown that only limited quantities of yeast such as Candida utilis can be added to food products without adverse effects on flavor (63). 

Free substitution of protein meals ia feeds is much more restricted than interchange of oils ia foods. Because of a good balance of essential amino acids, soybean meal is an indispensable ingredient for efficient feeding of nonmminants, eg, poultry and swine. Soybeans provide ca 60% of the world s protein meals, including fish meal (Table 14). Of the 30.0 x 10 t of soybean meal produced in the United States in 1994—1995, 24.2 x 10 t was used domestically, primarily in feeds, and 5.7 x 10 t was exported (50). In the United States, poultry consume the largest share of soybean meal, followed by swine. Lesser amounts are fed to beef and dairy catde. Soybean meal is a principal ingredient in many pet foods (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Pea.nuts, The proteins of peanuts are low in lysine, threonine, cystine plus methionine, and tryptophan when compared to the amino acid requirements for children but meet the requirements for adults (see Table 3). Peanut flour can be used to increase the nutritive value of cereals such as cornmeal but further improvement is noted by the addition of lysine (71). The trypsin inhibitor content of raw peanuts is about one-fifth that of raw soybeans, but this concentration is sufficient to cause hypertrophy (enlargement) of the pancreas in rats. The inhibitors of peanuts are largely inactivated by moist heat treatment (48). As for cottonseed, peanuts are prone to contamination by aflatoxin. FDA regulations limit aflatoxin levels of peanuts and meals to 100 ppb for breeding beef catde, breeding swine, or poultry 200 ppb for finishing swine 300 ppb for finishing beef catde 20 ppb for immature animals and dairy animals and 20 ppb for humans. 

Birds eat sufficient food to satisfy their energy intake, but this does not mean that they will eat enough protein, unless the protein proportion in the rotation is high. Protein quality is also important, the two most essential amino acids being lysine and methionine. The best quality protein for all poultry is white fishmeal (banned only for ruminants by the Soil Association). The best vegetable protein is soya bean which is low in methionine, but this can be made up by using sunflower meal in the ration. 

The provision of sufficient supplies of essential amino acids for poultry is a specific organic farming issue and results from (i) an insufficient supply of suitable protein crops (especially organically grown soya) for the expanding organic poultry sector and (ii) the prohibition (or restrictions) on the use of... 

Oily fishmeal is allowed in organic rations and it has an even higher essential amino acid content than full-fat soya. However, its use in poultry rations is limited partly by cost, restrictions on the source of the fishmeal imposed by organic standards, the fact that some customers demand birds that are fed on a vegetable-based diet and concerns about fishy taints to the product (Walker and Gordon, 2001). 

Kashani, A.B., H. Sarnie, R.J. Emerick, and C.W. Carlson. 1986. Effect of copper with three levels of sulfur containing amino acids in diets for turkeys. Poultry Sci. 65 1754-1759. 

Proteins from animal sources Proteins from animal sources (meat, poultry, milk, fish) have a high quality because they contain all the essential amino acids in proportions similar to those required for synthesis of human tissue proteins (Figure 27.18). [Note Gelatin prepared from animal collagen is an exception it has a low biologic value as a result of deficiencies in several essential amino acids.]... 

Z. Yi, E. T. Kornegay, and D. M. Denbow, Effect of microbial phytase on nitrogen and amino acid digestibility and nitrogen retention of turkey poults fed corn-soybean meal diets, Poultry Sc. 1996d, 75, 979-990. 

Another problem for the UK farmer and feed manufacturer is a current ban on the use of fishmeal in feedmills that produce feed for ruminants (an industry-wide rather than an organic regulation). This means that organic feed manufacturers with only one mill (and who cannot now use pure amino acids) who produce ruminant and non-ruminant diets can no longer use fishmeal at all. The result is that those mills in particular have a very difficult task in producing organic poultry diets of the necessary nutritional standard. 

As a result of these activities the ingested carbohydrates, protein and fats are broken down to small molecules suitable for absorption (monosaccharides, amino acids (AAs) and monoglycerides, respectively). In contrast to the situation in the pig, the disaccharide lactose (milk sugar) is only partly utilized by chickens because they lack the enzyme (lactase) necessary for its breakdown. As a result, most milk products are not ideally suited for use in poultry diets. 

Baker, D.H. and Han, Y. (1994) Ideal amino acid profile for chicks during the first three weeks posthatching. Poultry Science 73,1441-1447. 

Van Cauwenberghe, S. and Burnham, D. (2001) New developments in amino acid and protein nutrition of poultry, as related to optimal performance and reduced nitrogen excretion. Proceedings of the 13th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, October 2001, Blankenberge, Belgium, pp. 1-12. 

Table 4.4. True digestibility coefficients for poultry of some key essential amino acids in canola meal and soybean meal. (From Heartland Lysine, 1998.)...

Batal, A.B. and Dale, N.M. (2006) True metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 15,89-93. 

Eldred, A.R., Damron, B.L. and Harms, R.H. (1975) Evaluation of dried brewers grains and yeast in laying hen diets containing various sulfur amino acid levels. Poultry Science 54, 856-860. 

Heartland Lysine (1998) Digestibility of Essential Amino Acids for Poultry and Swine. Version 3.51. Heartland Lysine, Chicago, Illinois. 

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