Butyric acid production

Deuteration studies with acetic acid-d4 (99.5% atom D) as the carboxylic acid building block, ruthenium(IV) oxide plus methyl iodide-d3 as catalyst couple and 1/1 (C0/H2) syngas, were less definitive (see Table III). Typical samples of propionic and butyric acid products, isolated by distillation in vacuo and glc trapping, and analyzed by NMR, indicated considerable scrambling had occurred within the time frame of the acid homologation reaction. 

The propionic and butyric acid product fractions, as well as unreacted acetic acid, may be isolated by fractional distillation in vacuo. 

Alcohol is distilled up to a content of 96% in one or more stages. About 1 % of ethanol consists of fusel oils (degradation products of amino acids) which can be used as solvents for lacquers and resins. Solids from the processed liquor containing proteins, carbohydrates, mineral salts, riboflavin and other vitamins are used in poultry, swine and cattle feeds. C02 and H2 produced in butanol-acetone-butyric acid production can be used for the chemical synthesis of methanol and ammonia, or are burned. 

Zigova J, Sturdik E, Vandak D, and Schlosser S. Butyric acid production by Clostridium butyricum with integrated extraction and pertraction. Process Biochem (Oxford), 1999 34(8) 835-843. 

Jang, Y.-S., Im, JA., Choi, S.Y., Lee, J.I. et al (2014) Metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum for butyric acid production with high butyric acid selectivity. Metab. Eng., 23, 165-174. 

Zhang C.Yang H.Yang F, MaY. Current progress on butyric acid production by fermentation. Curr... 

Bacteria used in developing processes for propionic acid and butyric acid production... 

The complete genome sequence of the bacterium C. acetobutylicum ATGG 824 was determined including a 192-kb megaplasmid that contains the majority of the genes necessary for solvent production (Nblling et aL 2001). With this information, it is now possible to effectively develop industrial strains that can be utilized for either butanol or butyric acid production from a variety of biomass sources. 

Dumsday GJ, Zhou B, Yaqin W, Stanley GA, Pamment NB (1999) Comparative stability of ethanol production by Escherichia coli KOll in batch and chemostat culture. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 23 701-708 Diirre P, Fischer RJ, Kuhn A, Lorenz K, Schreiber W, Sturzenhofecker B, UUmann S, Winzer K, Sauer U (1995) Solventogenic enzymes of Clostridium acetobutylicum, catalytic properties, genetic organization and transaiptional regulation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 17 251—262 Evans PJ, Wang HY (1990) Effects of extractive fermentation on butyric acid production by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 32 393-397... 

FayoUe F, Marchal R, Ballerini D (1990) ect of controlled substrate feeding on butyric acid production by Clostridium tyrobitiyricum. J Indust Microbiol... 

Michel-Savin D, Marchal R, Vandecasteele JP (1990a) Control of the selectivity of butyric acid production and improvement of fermentation performance with Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 32 3 7-392 Michel-Savin D, Marchal R, Vandecasteele JP (1990b) Butyrate production in continuous culture of Chstridum tyrobutyricum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 33 127-131... 

Vandak D, Zigova TM, Sturdik E (1995b) Effect of growth supplements and whey pretreatment on butyric acid production by Clostridium butyricum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 11 363... 

Butyric acid can be conventionally produced by oxidation of butyraldehyde. A variety of anaerobic bacteria are able to produce butyric acid as the major end product during fermentation process. Nevertheless, Clostridium species have been used preferentially for butyric acid production because of their plain medium requirements and comparatively high product yields. The major focus in current research is on C. butyricum with a pH range between 5.0 and 7.0. But optimisatirHi of C. tyrobutyricum within green biomass fermentation could be very worthwhile because of the fact that C. tyrobutyricum is able to ferment lactate produced by Lactobacteriaceae. Furthermore, C. tyrobutyricum tolerates low pH values down to 4.2 which could be an advantage in big-scale implementation. 

Wu Z, Yang S-T (2003) Extractive fermentation for butyric acid production frmn glucose by Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Biotechnol Bioeng 82(1) 93-102. doi 10.1002/bitl0542 Yang C-H, Crowley DE, Bomeman J, Keen NT (2001) Microbial phyllosphere populations are more complex than previously realized. PNAS 98(7) 3889-3894... 

The best approach for increased butyric acid production is fed-batch fermentation, which showed the highest maximum cell density, minimized substrate loss, maximized the final titer, increased the yield of the target product, and showed pivotal importance for butyric acid production. 

Wei, D., Liu, X., Yang, S.T., 2013. Butyric acid production from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate by Clostridium tyrobu-tyricum immobilized in a fibrous-bed bioreactor. Bioresource Technology 129, 553-560. 

General Aspects of Biological Butyric Acid Production 123... 

GENERAL ASPECTS OF BIOLOGICAL BUTYRIC ACID PRODUCTION ... 

TABLE 7.1 Updates on Butyric Acid Production Using Different Fermentation Techniques... 

Du, J., McGraw, A., Lorenz, N., Beitle, R.R., Clausen, E.C., Hestekin, J.A., 2012. Continuous fermentation of Clostridium tyrobutyricum with partial cell recycle as a long-term strategy for butyric acid production. Energies... 

Li, W., Han, H.-J., Zhang, C., 2011. Continuous butyric acid production by com stalk immobilized Clostridium thermobutyricum cells. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5 (6), 661-666. 

Patel, G., Agnew, B., 1988. Growth and butyric acid production by Clostridium populeti. Archives of Microbiology 150 (3), 267-271. 

Zigova, J., Svitel, J., Sturdik, E., 2000. Possibilities of butyric acid production by butanol oxidation with Glucono-bacter oxydans coupled with extraction. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly 14 (3), 95-100. 

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