Potassium Lactate Solution

Potassium Lactate Solution occurs as a clear, colorless, or practically colorless, viscous liquid that is odorless or has a slight, not unpleasant, odor. It is miscible with water. It is available in solutions with concentrations ranging from about 50% to 70% by weight. 

Bindings covered with vegetable-tanned leather are washed with pure toilet soap, saddle soap, or mild, high quality surgical toilet soap and a 7-10% solution of potassium lactate. 0.25% of p-nitrophenol can be added as a fungicide, but this is not necessary if the temperature and relative humidity are constantly satisfactory (see p. 5). The lactate, when applied to new vegetable-tanned leather, is thought to protect the leather from the deleterious action of sulfuric acid which usually forms in leather when sulfur dioxide is absorbed. It is. probable that it has little efficacy once chemical deterioration has started, and for some years doubt has been cast on its effectiveness, even on new leather, despite favorable results in laboratory tests. However, it is used, and its use is advocated just in case it is beneficial. 

Perform a blank determination (see General Provisions), and make any necessary correction. Each milliliter of 0.1 A perchloric acid is equivalent to 12.82 mg of C3H5KO3. Chloride Determine as directed in the Chloride Limit Test under Chloride and Sulfate Limit Tests, Appendix IIIB. Any turbidity produced by a quantity of a sample solution containing the equivalent of 40 mg of potassium lactate does not exceed that shown in a control containing 20 jxg of chloride (Cl) ion. 

Sample Solution Transfer a quantity of sample equivalent to 20.0 g of potassium lactate and accurately weighed into a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute to volume with water, and mix. 

Test Solution Transfer a quantity of sample equivalent to about 4 g of potassium lactate and accurately weighed into a 50-mL volumetric flask, dilute to volume with water, and mix. Pipet 1 mL of this solution into a 100-mL volumetric flask, add 1.0 mL of Potassium Chloride Solution followed by 1.0 mL of nitric acid, dilute to volume with water, and mix. 

Procedure Use a suitable atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a sodium hollow-cathode lamp and an oxidizing air-acetylene flame. After using the Blank Solution to zero the instrument, concomitantly determine the absorbances of the Standard Solutions and the Test Solution at the sodium emission line of 589 nm. Plot the absorbances of the Standard Solutions versus concentration, in micrograms per milliliter, of sodium, and draw the straight line that best fits the plotted points. From the graph so obtained, determine the concentration, C, in micrograms per milliliter, of sodium in the Test Solution. Calculate the percentage of sodium in the portion of potassium lactate taken by the formula... 

Inclusion of antimicrobials in the formulation of RTE meat products is prescribed in effective control. Many U.S. meat processors are, therefore, currently adding preservatives, such as sodium or potassium lactate (up to 2%) in combination with sodium diacetate (0.05-0.15%) to product formulations (Thompkin, 2002). Organic acids (or their salts) plus bacterio-cins, applied as immersion or spraying solutions alone or in combination, can also control L. monocytogenes contamination on RTE meat products during storage (Geornaras et al., 2006). 

A number of techniques using similar concepts were developed over the years to treat leathers that had already deteriorated. Aqueous solutions of potassium lactate were routinely applied to the surface of bookbindings and other leather objects. Unfortunately, in many cases, the deleterious effects of the liquid water solvent on acidic leathers took place before the buffer salt neutralised the acid, resulting in dark, seriously embrittled leather. In order to avoid the effects of aqueous solutions, methods were tried employing ammonia vapour. The object was placed in an enclosed chamber over an open dish of ammonium hydroxide solution. However, ammonia vapour is a strong alkali and there is a danger that even with the use of dilute solutions, leathers that were too acidic would be transformed into ones which were too alkaline. Another alternative was to use an organic base such as imidazole in a non-aqueous solvent. However, this was also liable to result in leathers that were too alkaline. 

Potassium lactate, sodium lactate, and calcium lactate are the neutralized salts of LA. Potassium lactate is used in many fresh and cooked meat products for shelf life control, color preservation, and reduction of sodium content. Sodium lactate has a mild saline taste and is therefore suitable for flavor enhancement in meat products. Sodium lactate is being produced in solution as well as dry. Calcium lactate is popular for fortification and improved texture in emulsified meat products like frankfurters. Ready-to-eat meat and poultry products commonly contain sodium or potassium lactate to control Listeria monocytogenes. LA is also present in wheat beers, especially lambic, due to the activity of Pediococcus damnosus. 

Ringer s Lactate. In 1883, it was discovered that the excised ventricle of the frog would beat for some hours if suppHed with an aqueous solution of sodium, potassium, and calcium salts. The concentration of potassium and calcium was found to be critical, whereas the amounts of the anions had htde effect on the frog heart. The composition of this saline, coined Ringer s solution, is given in Table 1. Many years later it was shown to be very close to that of frog plasma. 

Compatibility/Stability- Esmolol, at a final concentration of 10 mg/mL, is compatible with the following solutions and is stable for 24 hours or more at controlled room temperature or under refrigeration 5% dextrose injection 5% dextrose in Lactated Ringer s injection 5% dextrose in Ringer s injection 5% dextrose and 0.9% or 0.45% sodium chloride injection Lactated Ringer s injection potassium chloride (40 mEq/L) in 5% dextrose injection 0.9% or 0.45% sodium chloride injection. 

Amrinone lactate is physically and chemically incompatible with alkaline solutions. Pharmaceuticals that are incompatible include digoxin, potassium chloride, procainamide hydrochloride, propranolol hydrochloride, verapamil hydrochloride, sodium chloride, and glucose solutions containing frusemide.101... 

When solutions of lactates are acidified with sulfuric acid, potassium permanganate TS (0.1 AO is added, and the mixture is heated, acetaldehyde is evolved. This can be detected by allowing the vapor to come into contact with a filter paper that has been moistened with a freshly prepared mixture of equal volumes of 20% aqueous morpholine and sodium nitroferricyanide TS. A blue color is produced. 

Two classes of polyionic fluid are available, those for resuscitation and those for maintenance. Maintenance fluids (Normosol-M), Plasma-lyte M, Plasmalyte-56, contain higher potassium (15-30 mEq/1 (15-30 mmol/1)) and lower sodium (40-60 mEq/1 (40-60 mmol/1)) and chloride (40-60 mEq/1 (40-60 mmol/1)) concentrations than resuscitation fluids (Normosol-R), Plasma-lyte 148, Isolec, lactated Ringer s solution. Currently, maintenance fluids are not available commercially in volumes of greater than 1 liter, which has led to the practice of adding potassium chloride (at 10-20 mEq/1) to resuscitation formulas so that they can be used as maintenance fluids in equine medicine. Commercial maintenance fluids should be considered as a treatment option in equine neonates. 

In patients with peritonitis, hypovolemia often is accompanied by acidosis, so a reasonable IV fluid would be lactated Ringer s solution, which contains the bicarbonate precursor lactate, as well as sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium. In the initial hour of treatment, large volumes of solution may be required to restore intravascular volume. Hours thereafter, fluids may be required at a rate of 1 L/h. Maintenance fluids should be instituted (after intravascular volume is restored) with 0.9% sodium chloride and potassium chloride (20 mEq/L) or 5% dextrose and 0.45% sodium chloride with potassium chloride (20 mEq/L). The administration rate should be based on estimated daily fluid loss through urine and nasogastric suction, including 0.5 to 1.0 L for insensible fluid loss. Potassium would not be included routinely if the patient is hyperkalemic or has renal insufficiency. 

Usually only a small portion of the sample is water-soluble (chlorides, nitrates, nitrites, sulphates, alkali metals — when unbound in silicates, glycides, fatty acids, humic substances). The extract for the determination of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, trace elements) is prepared with the use of leaching solutions 1% citric acid, 1% potassium sulphate, 1% hydrochloric acid, calcium lactate, etc. 

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