Portable camcorders

Increasingly, oral design presentations are recorded on videotape or DVD to provide a record of the presentations, as well as to enable each design team to critique its own presentation with a view toward improving the next one. In most cases, a portable camcorder, mounted on a tripod, is adequate to capture the bulk of the presentation. 

Secondaiy batteries consist of a series of electrochemical cells. The most popular types are the lead-acid type used for starting, lighting, and electrical systems in motor vehicles and the small rechargeable batteries used in laptops, camcorders, digital phones, and portable electronic appliances. 

A variety of different rechargeable batteries provides the power for camcorders, laptops, digital phones and other portable electronic equipment. The following are some ot the most common batteries used for these applications. 

Camcorders, computers, portable radios, and tape players, cellular phones, lawn mower starters, etc. 

Portable fuel-cell systems are systems that produce electricity for devices with a performance ranging from several watts to 10 kilowatts. The heat produced in the process is a by-product that is normally not used. The system has, therefore, to be cooled down by fans or cooling surfaces, etc. A wide range of applications is possible for fuel cells from small electronic devices like camcorders, mobile phones, laptops, etc. to electric tools, back-up systems, or power generation on boats or caravans. 

The rechargeable battery (NiCd, NiMH, and lithium-ion) market for 2003 for portable electronics was around 5.24 billion, around 20% more then 2002. The lithium-ion battery market was around 3.8 billion ( 73%). They are now used in more than 90% of cellphones, camcorders, and portable computers, worldwide, and have also been adopted in power tools recently. 

There is now a great interest in developing different kinds of fuel cells with several applications (in addition to the first and most developed application in space programs) depending on their nominal power stationary electric power plants (lOOkW-lOMW), power train sources (20-200kW) for the electrical vehicle (bus, truck and individual car), electricity and heat co-generation for buildings and houses (5-20 kW), auxiliary power units (1-100 kW) for different uses (automobiles, aircraft, space launchers, space stations, uninterruptible power supply, remote power, etc.) and portable electronic devices (1-100 W), for example, cell phones, computers, camcorders [2, 3]. 

In the charging process, Co(III) in LiCo02 is oxidized to Co(IV). This battery has a working voltage of 3.7 V and a cycle number of >1000. The lithium-ion secondary batteries are now widely used as power source s for portable computers, telephones, CD players, camcorders, etc. Moreover, large-scale lithium-ion batteries are under development for electric vehicles (EV) and for the storage of electricity. 

Batteries for portable equipment 2 Wh-100 Wh Flashlights, toys, power tools, portable radio and television, mobile phones, camcorders, lap-top computers... 

Ultralife Batteries Inc. has recently announced the development of their Rechargeable Solid State System based on this technology. A schematic drawing of the cell is shown in Fig. 7.41. Single cells and battery packs are now in production. Energy densities in the ranges 100-125 Wh/kg and 200-300 Wh/dm3, as well as cyclability up to 1200 deep cycles, have been reported. Excellent characteristics are claimed. Cellular telephones, portable computers and camcorders appear to be the most suitable outlets for these PLI batteries. 

Much has happened in the world of batteries since the preface to the first edition was written almost 15 years ago. Some of the developments were predicted at that time, some were not. Perhaps the most important factor, which has led both to a renaissance in new developments and to a significant growth in demand, has been the phenomenal expansion in microelectronics-based, high value consumer products which need secondary cells with excellent energy density, good charge retention and other demanding electrical characteristics. The three Cs - cellular telephones, portable computers and camcorders - typify such applications. 

Li-ion rechargeables are presently finding widespread utility in portable electronic devices such as laptop computers, camcorders and cellular telephones. 

The often higher costs of solvents, salts, and fabrication methods of nonaqueous systems are weaker deterrents in secondary applications than primary ones since their cost is amortized over many uses. Higher costs indicate they are used to best advantage in relatively short-term, power hungry applications where portability or high product cost are considerations. At present, laptops, cellular phones and camcorders are obvious examples. 

Primary batteries Portable electronic devices watches, cameras, camcorders, calculators, remote controls, Walkmans, toothbrushes, shavers, toys. Household flash lamps, smoke detectors, radios. Workshop portable tools (wireless drill, screwdrivers, etc.), test meters. Medicine hearing-aid devices, pace maker devices, blood pressure... 

Secondary batteries Portable electronic devices cell phones, cordless phones, laptops, camcorders, toys. Communications satellites, military radios. Transportation electric vehicles, car ignition batteries. Defense torpedoes, missiles. 

The replacement batteries represents 14% of the total number of equipment identified. Nevertheless, the number of spare batteries (or packs) acquired reaches more than fifty percent of the purchased equipment for camcorders and toys and thirty percent for portable audio equipment (Figure 7). 

For equipment like dust busters (11.6%), shavers and toothbrushes (9.7%) the quantity available for collection is the highest. In the second place, toys (7.1%) and home cordless phones are found. The lowest rates of availability for collection are observed for portable audio (3.4%), mobile phones (1.1%), cordless power tools (2.3%) and camcorders (<1%). 

Nowadays a large amount of synthetic polymers is used as packaging material, structural materials, as electric insulators [1-5]. The demand for synthetic polymers is rapidly increasing for portable electronic consumer devices. The most popular portable products are notebook computers, cellular and cordless phones, and camcorders. 

Kureha Corporation has developed nongraphitizable carbons (so-called hard carbon) prepared from the cross-linked petroleum pitch for almost 20 years as an anode of the lithium-ion battery (LIB). However, in these years graphite is more popularly used as an anode of LIB of small portable equipment, such as cellular phones, digital cameras, and portable personal computers, because high-energy density is much more important in this type of application than long-life durability is. Hard carbon has been used only in the field of professional camcorders, satellites, and electric bikes because it seemed to be difficult to change a new battery at the end of its life. 

Lithium-ion batteries (LlBs) have been developed as advanced electric power sources for wide variety of portable electronics such as cellular phones, laptop comports, and camcorders. Larger-size LlBs are now considered fit to power systems such as electric vehicles (EV) and energy storage systems (ESS) due to their merits... 

Numerous eleetronie devices such as computers, eellular phones, camcorders, have become portable with the miniaturization of eleetronie eomponents. Such equipments require appropriate power supply, which have to be more and more effective especially in terms of power density and lifetime, in order to be able to provide for the increasing number of functionalities of these portable applieations (like Internet on cellular phones, for example). 

Significant technological advances made in infrared imaging systems have made thermography a useful predictive maintenance tool. Nowadays, some infrared camcorder cameras are veiy light and portable. 

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