Small electronic device

Portable fuel-cell systems are systems that produce electricity for devices with a performance ranging from several watts to 10 kilowatts. The heat produced in the process is a by-product that is normally not used. The system has, therefore, to be cooled down by fans or cooling surfaces, etc. A wide range of applications is possible for fuel cells from small electronic devices like camcorders, mobile phones, laptops, etc. to electric tools, back-up systems, or power generation on boats or caravans. 

The exploitation of ambient fuels is attractive in situations where power needs for small electronic devices are distributed, disconnected, and long-term. This might be true for electronic sensor systems for monitoring of plant health, air quality, weather, or the presence of biohazards. In principle, the fuel can be derived from carbohydrates contained in plants or from effluent of human or animal processes. 

Shipments of fuel cell-equipped mobile devices could grow very rapidly if they can eliminate the need for frequent recharging of current battery-powered models. The Medis 24/7 Power Pack in April 2007. It is a portable, disposable power source for small electronic devices such as cell phones and MP3 players. Manufactured by Medis Technologies, it is based on Direct Liquid Fuel cell technology, and may be of particular utility in military applications. Elsewhere, MTI MicroFuel Cells manufactures a power pack for portable electronics that is based on direct methanol fuel cell technology that it calls Mobion. 

Many types of rechargeable batteries have been developed as portable power sources for small electronic devices, such as watch, calculator, video camera, computer and so on. Lead-acid battery, Ni-Cd battery, Ni-Metal hydride battery, and lithium battery are well known and used in some portable electronic devices. Lithium batteries are the most attractive with regard to energy density or power density. Recently, a new rechargeable lithium battery, that is a so-called Lithium Ion Battery , was proposed by Sony Company [5]. In this battery, carbon materials... 

Rechargeable batteries have become an essential part of our environmentally conscientious society. The nickel-cadmium cell battery is a rechargeable battery used in small electronic devices. The half reactions that take place in the nickel-cadmium battery during discharge are ... 

Nanotechnology A branch of science and engineering devoted to the design and production of extremely small electronic devices and circuits built from individual atoms and molecules. 

E. Baker, Liquid Immersion Cooling of Small Electronic Devices, Microelectronics and Reliability (12) 163-173, 1973. 

From a manufacturing perspective, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to seamlessly fully integrate conductive yam electrodes into mass produced knitted garments (NuMetrex, 2014 SmartLife, 2014). In the case of the NuMetrex garments, the data from the electrodes are collected and transmitted to an external device by a small electronic device to be inserted manually in a pocket on the garment prior to use. 

Athos Athos Works Inc. Men s and women s shirt, shorts, capri Heart rate, respiratory rate Muscle activity for muscle effort, activation, repetitions, lefl/right balance, cadence, active/rest time Based on electromyography (EMG) small electronic device inserted in integrated pocket at chest (Athos Works Inc., 2013)... 

Production of nanofibers that have the ability to transmit electricity creates many advantages. These nanofibers are used in the production of small electronic devices and in the fabrication of some machines. Because the surface area of the electrodes is proportional to the chemical reaction speed, electrospun nanofiber membranes are used appropriately in the production of improved high-performance batteries. 

Nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) battery (13.5) Secondary (rechargeable) battery used in many small electronic devices involves the oxidation of hydrogen from a metal hydride and the reduction of nickel oxyhydroxide (NiO(OH)). Compared with nicad batteries, NiMH eliminates the use of toxic cadmium and is less prone to memory effects. 

The subject refrigeration system has been designed to cool and maintain a small electronic device at 4.2°K it is capable of continuous operation under a... 

Controllers and other small electronic devices may be RFI, also EMC screened if required, by enclosing them in a suitable metal loaded plastic, typically ABS. In the frequency range 100 to 1000 MHz such enclosures can provide attenuation levels in excess of 50 dB. 

The cobalt centres are redox active, being oxidized from Co(III) to Co(IV) as Li" " is removed from LiCo02. The crucial factor in lithium-ion batteries is that both electrodes are able to act as hosts for Li" " ions. Rechargeable, lithium-ion batteries now dominate the market for small electronic devices such as laptop computers, mobile phones, iPods and MP3 players, and in electric bicycles. In 2005, Sony introduced a new generation of lithium-ion batteries (the Nexelion battery) in which the... 

The batteries found in a portable compact disc player or other small electronic device are frequently alkaline dry cells. These cells do not have a carbon rod cathode, as in the zinc-carbon cell. The absence of the carbon rod allows them to be smaller. Figure 2.3b shows a model of an alkaline battery. This cell uses a paste of Zn metal and potassium hydroxide instead of a solid metal anode. The half-reaction at the anode is as follows. 

A small electronic device, called SEW (Figure 12.6), is designed to acquire, process, store, and transmit data collected from the sensorized garment. It became small and light enough to be hidden in the pocket of the garment. Replacing conventional wires, USB cables or Bluetooth transmitted data to a desktop computer for analysis (Smartex, 2012). 

The best known example of a semi-fuel cell is the disposable galvanic zinc-air cell widely used in hearing aids and other small electronic devices. Metallic zinc is the negative electrode in these cells (usually in the form of a highly disperse powder). When current is drawn, the zinc dissolves anodically in a concentrated alkaline solution according to the equation... 

Commercially available low-power primary AA batteries known as dry cells mostly come with cylindrical configurations and typically are rated at 1.5 volts (V). These batteries are designed to provide hundreds of nanoamperes to a few millamperes. They generally use lead or aqueous alkaline electrolyte. These cells are best suited for analog cameras, small electronic devices, electronic toys, and flashlights. Specifications of such batteries are summarized in Table 5.1. 

Many combinations of electrode material and electrolyte can yield a cell. A few hundred possible cells are required to design a high-power battery. An Ni-Cd cell can be used in the design of a low-power rechargeable battery to power small electronic devices such as a minicomputer, musical recorders, and flash lamps for cameras. For a compact rechargeable battery, two components of the battery contribute to the mass and volume. First, the chemicals and materials used in the development of the battery strictly determine the physical parameters. Second, the mass and size of the packaging materials affect these parameters. 

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