Space station

A space station design that requires less space walk time is inherently safer than a design that requires more. If the astronauts don t need to go outside, they have less risk. For chemical plants, designs or operating regimes that reduce or eliminate vessel entries are inherently safer. 

In the absence of gravity, the properties of a candle flame change dramatically [36,39,41]. Figure 8.1.3 shows a candle flame on the Mir space station, in which the melt layer was hemispherical and much thicker than that in normal gravity, and the flame was smaller, spherical, and less sooty, uncovering the blue flame zone. There was significant circulation in the liquid phase (as a result of surface-tension-driven flow caused... 

Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, which convert incident solar radiation directly into electrical energy, today represent the most common power source for Earth-orbiting spacecraft, such as the International Space Station, where a photovoltaic engineering testbed (PET) is actually assembled on the express pallet. The solid-state photovoltaics, based on gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, or silicon, prove capable, even if to different extents and with... 

In a society where canned and frozen foods are so prevalent, we tend to take food preservation for granted. It is easy to forget that prevention of spoilage is a major undertaking when food is harvested at one time and place but eaten at another. A contemporary example is the space station, where the astronauts must be supplied with edible food that is preserved without refrigeration for long times. 

PEMFC Ho.CHjOH 25-100 C 0.1-200 40-50 500-1000 10,000-100,000 50-2000 Transportation, standby power, portable power, space station... 

The objective of this study was to develop a low temperature CO oxidation catalyst that continually removes low concentrations of CO from the atmospheres of space stations. CO is a major contaminant in spacecraft environments. Since... 

Applications GC-IMS is applied only in a few laboratories. Most applications have been directed toward environmental analyses. GC-IMS is used in niche areas, such as high-speed air-quality monitoring (on board space stations) and detecting chemical warfare agents. Snyder et al. [319] have described a hyphenated field-portable hand-held GC-IMS device, which was applied to the separation of phosphate (TMP, TEP)/phosphonate (DMMP, DEMP, DIMP, DEEP) mixtures. A mixture of four phosphonate analytes can be successfully resolved with a small GC-IMS device in under 8 s. 

Vacuum may be natural or artificially produced. Natural vacuum, for example, occurs on the lunar surface or in the interstellar space where one should however speak of numerical density of particles ( 1 particle/cm3) instead of pressure. In the intergalactic space, the density is around 1 particle/m3. Natural vacuum laboratories in use are, for example, the Space Shuttle or Space Stations, but we will deal only with artificial vacuum, produced by pumps inside a container. 

NRC (National Research Council). 1992. Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. Washington, DC National Academy Press. 

Carbon monoxide is released in a room and bums in a pure oxygen environment e.g. perhaps an accident on a space station. The combustion is given by the chemical equation... 

A fire occurs in a space station at 200 kW. The walls can be considered adiabatic and of negligible heat capacity. The initial and fuel temperatures are at 25 °C. Assume the station atmosphere has uniform properties with constant specific heats as given. Assume that the constant and equal specific heats of constant pressure and volume are 1.2 and 1.0 kJ/kg K respectively. Conduct your analysis for the control volume (CV) consisting of the station uniform atmosphere, excluding all solids and the fuel in its solid state. 

Space Station (ISS). They are 73 meters long and 11 meters wide. These panels make the ISS one of the brightest objects in the night sky. 

Space Stations. The final example I have selected results from work done by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in preparation for flying the space station. NASA s general problem is that many space station systems must be repairable in orbit by astronauts who will not be familiar with the detaib of all the systems. Therefore, NASA is looking to the technology of expert systems to diagnose problems and provide advice to the astronauts on how to repair the problems. 

TABLE 4-8 Ozone Concentrations at Ground Level, 12 Widely Spaced Stations in the Northern Hemisphere, 1963-1964 ... 

There is now a great interest in developing different kinds of fuel cells with several applications (in addition to the first and most developed application in space programs) depending on their nominal power stationary electric power plants (lOOkW-lOMW), power train sources (20-200kW) for the electrical vehicle (bus, truck and individual car), electricity and heat co-generation for buildings and houses (5-20 kW), auxiliary power units (1-100 kW) for different uses (automobiles, aircraft, space launchers, space stations, uninterruptible power supply, remote power, etc.) and portable electronic devices (1-100 W), for example, cell phones, computers, camcorders [2, 3]. 

PEMFC H2, CH3OH, 25-100°C 0.01-250 40-50 500-1000 10000-100000 50-2000 Transportation, stand-by power, portable power, space stations... 

Suppose you are hired by NASA to examine the feasibility of developing chemical processing applications for the space station. What reactor and separation units would have to be abandoned, and what processes might be improved in a zero-gravity environment [Your first list will probably be much longer than your second, even before you consider transportation costs.1... 

---