Electrical power sources

Acid Coolers. Cast Hon trombone coolers, once the industry standard (101), are considered obsolete. In 1970, anodically passivated stainless steel sheU and tube acid coolers became commercially available. Because these proved to have significant maintenance savings and other advantages, this type of cooler became widely used. Anodic passivation uses an impressed voltage from an external electrical power source to reduce metal corrosion. 

Induction motors usually entail insulated wiring windings for both the rotor and the stator, with the stator connected to an external electric power source. Between the narrow gap of the stator and the rotor, a revolving magnetic field is established. A current can be established only when the waves of the rotor and stator windings are not in phase—not at a maximum simultaneously. 

Although it is possible to provide electrical equipment that will make it possible to operate a spectrograph from almost any electric power source, it is simpler in the United States to use the single-phase, 3-wire, 60-cycle, 220-110-volt service that is standard for the American home. 

Describes equipment such as compressor, filter, tubing, aerosol cup, and mask or mouthpiece to be used for therapy, including rationale for use and need for electrical power source. 

A well-known fact of fundamental solution science is that the presence of ions in any solution gives the solution a low electrical resistance and the ability to conduct an electrical current. The absence of ions means that the solution would not be conductive. Thus, solutions of ionic compounds and acids, especially strong acids, have a low electrical resistance and are conductive. This means that if a pair of conductive surfaces are immersed into the solution and connected to an electrical power source, such as a simple battery, a current can be detected flowing in the circuit. Alternatively, if the resistance of the solution between the electrodes were measured (with an ohmmeter), it would be low. Conductivity cells based on this simple design are in common use in nonchromatography applications to determine the quality of deionized water, for example. Deionized water should have no ions dissolved in it and thus should have a very low conductivity. The conductivity detector is based on this simple apparatus. 

From a practical viewpoint, as shown in Fig. 6-2, electrochemical cells can be classified into two groups one is a chemical ceU in which electricity is produced by consuming chemical energy of substances the other is an electrolytic cell iu which chemical substances are produced by consuming electrical energy. In practice, the chemical cell is connected to an external load and the electrolytic cell is connected to an external electric power source. 

Primary Cell Status as Baseline. Some time ago a short report was made on the Symposium on Batteries for Traction (see (90)) on the studies in the Lockheed Research Laboratory on electric power sources based on reactions of alkali metals with water. These reactions produce very high ED s, are surprisingly efficient about 3000 Wh per kg of active metal (120). 

Roll, R.R., "Lockheed Electric Power Sources", in "Proc. 

With the possibility of an outside connection to an electric power source allowing the entry and exit of an excess electronic charge on the electrode surface, the potential difference, d< >, across the metal/solution interface can be varied at will. If it is made more positive, there will be a faster ionization (or deelectronation) current [cf. Eq. (7.11)]. If it is made more negative, the electronation current will increase. Hence there must occur a value of zl< ) (it is reasonable to call it d< )equilibrium, or A e) at which the two rates will be equal. 

It has been known for more than half a century (Brenner and Riddel, 1944) that nickel plating can be made to occur without an external electrical power source. All one needs is a conducting substrate (the object to be plated) and a solution that must contain a nickel salt and some solute which, under the circumstances offered, undergoes electrochemical oxidation on the substrate. It is better to have an activator, too, e.g., a small patch of a metal catalyst, such as palladium. 

Electric Primers,Wireless. This class of primers is not equipped with lead wires that are characteristic of other electric detonators but are likewise activated by an electric power source. This type of primer is exemplified by the M—52 A3 series which was standard for the M—99 cartridge or the 20mm ammunition. A typical composition for these primers is as follows ... 

Figure 12.18 shows the layout of an electrolytic cell used for the commercial production of magnesium metal from molten magnesium chloride (the Dow process). As in a galvanic cell, oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode, electrons travel through the external wire from anode to cathode, cations move through the electrolyte toward the cathode, and anions move toward the anode. But unlike the spontaneous current in a galvanic cell, a current must be supplied by an external electrical power source. This current drives electrons through the wire in a predetermined direction (Fig. 12.19). The result is...

In the recent years, solar power plants have been applied worldwide due to the falling of photoelectric transformation price (see Fig. 6). It means that solar power can compete with other electric power sources in the near future. 

In a bipolar arrangement, the sacrificial electrodes are placed between the two parallel electrodes without any electrical connection. The two monopolar electrodes are connected to the electric power source with no interconnections between the sacrificial electrodes. This cell arrangement provides a simple setup, which facilitates easy maintenance. When an electric current is passed through the two electrodes, the neutral sides of the conductive plate will be transformed to charged sides, which have opposite charge compared with the parallel side beside it. The sacrificial electrodes are known as bipolar electrodes. It has been reported that EC cell with monopolar electrodes in series connection was more effective where aluminum electrodes were used as sacrificial and iron was used as anode and cathode. And, electrocoagulation with Fe/Al (anode/cathode) was more effective for the treatment process than Fe/Fe electrode pair (Modirshahla et al. 2007). 

Short-circuit current — It is the current supplied by an electrical -> power source device if the two terminals of the device are connected, without associated dissipation -> resistance, i.e., load resistance equal to zero. The short-circuit current is determined by the power source characteristics, given by the quotient between electromotive force and internal resistance. See also -> fill factor. 

The wire(s) connecting the electrical power source with the electric blasting cap circuit. 

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