Camcorders

A more recent, and superior, type of detector, which also benefits from the multiplex advantage, is the charge-coupled device (CCD). The CCD, as used for spectroscopy, has been developed from the CCD detector used in a camcorder. 

Camcorders with automatic compensation for operator-injected noise such as shaking and moving... 

Secondaiy batteries consist of a series of electrochemical cells. The most popular types are the lead-acid type used for starting, lighting, and electrical systems in motor vehicles and the small rechargeable batteries used in laptops, camcorders, digital phones, and portable electronic appliances. 

A variety of different rechargeable batteries provides the power for camcorders, laptops, digital phones and other portable electronic equipment. The following are some ot the most common batteries used for these applications. 

Camcorders, computers, portable radios, and tape players, cellular phones, lawn mower starters, etc. 

Portable fuel-cell systems are systems that produce electricity for devices with a performance ranging from several watts to 10 kilowatts. The heat produced in the process is a by-product that is normally not used. The system has, therefore, to be cooled down by fans or cooling surfaces, etc. A wide range of applications is possible for fuel cells from small electronic devices like camcorders, mobile phones, laptops, etc. to electric tools, back-up systems, or power generation on boats or caravans. 

The rechargeable battery (NiCd, NiMH, and lithium-ion) market for 2003 for portable electronics was around 5.24 billion, around 20% more then 2002. The lithium-ion battery market was around 3.8 billion ( 73%). They are now used in more than 90% of cellphones, camcorders, and portable computers, worldwide, and have also been adopted in power tools recently. 

There is now a great interest in developing different kinds of fuel cells with several applications (in addition to the first and most developed application in space programs) depending on their nominal power stationary electric power plants (lOOkW-lOMW), power train sources (20-200kW) for the electrical vehicle (bus, truck and individual car), electricity and heat co-generation for buildings and houses (5-20 kW), auxiliary power units (1-100 kW) for different uses (automobiles, aircraft, space launchers, space stations, uninterruptible power supply, remote power, etc.) and portable electronic devices (1-100 W), for example, cell phones, computers, camcorders [2, 3]. 

In the charging process, Co(III) in LiCo02 is oxidized to Co(IV). This battery has a working voltage of 3.7 V and a cycle number of >1000. The lithium-ion secondary batteries are now widely used as power source s for portable computers, telephones, CD players, camcorders, etc. Moreover, large-scale lithium-ion batteries are under development for electric vehicles (EV) and for the storage of electricity. 

Batteries for portable equipment 2 Wh-100 Wh Flashlights, toys, power tools, portable radio and television, mobile phones, camcorders, lap-top computers... 

In 1990, Sanyo and Matsushita initiated large-scale commercialization of small sealed nickel-metal hydride batteries. They are now joined by Dur-acell, Toshiba and Varta in a consortium which is known as the 3C alliance (camcorders, cellular telephones and computers). Several plants have been commissioned which are each producing 100-200 million cells per annum. It is forecast that nickel-metal hydride may overtake nickel-cadmium before the end of the century. In addition to the 3Cs nickel-metal hydride cells are used for a wide variety of cordless consumer products, communications equipment and other high rate long cycle life applications. 

Ultralife Batteries Inc. has recently announced the development of their Rechargeable Solid State System based on this technology. A schematic drawing of the cell is shown in Fig. 7.41. Single cells and battery packs are now in production. Energy densities in the ranges 100-125 Wh/kg and 200-300 Wh/dm3, as well as cyclability up to 1200 deep cycles, have been reported. Excellent characteristics are claimed. Cellular telephones, portable computers and camcorders appear to be the most suitable outlets for these PLI batteries. 

Much has happened in the world of batteries since the preface to the first edition was written almost 15 years ago. Some of the developments were predicted at that time, some were not. Perhaps the most important factor, which has led both to a renaissance in new developments and to a significant growth in demand, has been the phenomenal expansion in microelectronics-based, high value consumer products which need secondary cells with excellent energy density, good charge retention and other demanding electrical characteristics. The three Cs - cellular telephones, portable computers and camcorders - typify such applications. 

Booth, S.A. Video To Go Camcorders, Popular Mechanics, 38 (January 1991). Cipra, B.A. Image Capture by Computer, Science, 1288 (March 10, 1989). Corcoran, E. Not Just a Pretty Face Compressing Pictures with Fractals, Sci. Amer., 77 (March 1990). 

Significant technological advances made in infrared imaging systems over the past decade have made thermography a useful predictive maintenance tool. Nowadays, some infrared camcorder cameras weigh less than ten pounds. 

Li-ion rechargeables are presently finding widespread utility in portable electronic devices such as laptop computers, camcorders and cellular telephones. 

The often higher costs of solvents, salts, and fabrication methods of nonaqueous systems are weaker deterrents in secondary applications than primary ones since their cost is amortized over many uses. Higher costs indicate they are used to best advantage in relatively short-term, power hungry applications where portability or high product cost are considerations. At present, laptops, cellular phones and camcorders are obvious examples. 

Nanostructured Li and Ni containing nickel-metal hydride batteries are widely used in cell phones, video camcorders, quartz watches, and pacemakers to name a few uses. Electrically conducting nanostructured mesoporous materials are envisaged as new materials for fuel cell applications, batteries, and ultracapacitors. 

VCR Fax machine Dot matrix printer Camcorder Laser printer ... 

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