Applications secondary

Condensate from boiler warmup steam should be wasted or sent for secondary applications to avoid corrosion of the line feeding the deaerator. 

The primary application of the VSP is to obtain data necessary to calculate the vent design (size and relief setting) for emergency venting of nonvolatile and reactive runaway systems. The calculated vent design is to limit the maximum pressures at the point of emergency venting to acceptable levels. A secondary application is to provide thermal stability data for reactive systems. 

Almost all isoprene produced is used in the preparation of polymers and copolymers. cis-Polyisoprene, primarily for vehicle tyres, is the largest application, with styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) block polymers being a rapidly growing secondary application. Butyl rubber is a significant third application. World demand for isoprene for monomer use in 1992 was (thousand tonnes) polyisoprene, 827 SIS, 95 butyl rubber, 25 and other uses, 10 (Weitz Loser, 1989 Lybarger, 1995). 

The often higher costs of solvents, salts, and fabrication methods of nonaqueous systems are weaker deterrents in secondary applications than primary ones since their cost is amortized over many uses. Higher costs indicate they are used to best advantage in relatively short-term, power hungry applications where portability or high product cost are considerations. At present, laptops, cellular phones and camcorders are obvious examples. 

Cost/Benefit Studies. Two studies by Mathematica, Inc., are among the current best efforts to assess programs intended to create or facilitate the secondary application of Federally-sponsored R D in the civilian economy (If , 17). The two studies are quite clearly operational assessments in that they develop data on the costs and benefits of secondary applications of NASA technology, but do not address the question of the value of alternative government roles or strategies for achieving the same objective. 

The approach is thus similar to that used by Mathematica (16) to estimate the benefits of secondary application of NASA... 

Mathematica, Inc., "Quantifying the Benefits to the National Economy from Secondary Applications of NASA Technology", a report to NASA. Princeton, N.J., March, 1976. 

Considering the importance of the open or closed cell nature of a foam (and hence its porosity) it is perhaps rather surprising that the measurement of this property is generally neglected in terms of quality control procedures. It is only when a secondary application or process dictates the use of a certain foam porosity that the property is measured. In the flexible foam market it is also found that specific company test methods are in widespread use as opposed to international or national standards. 

Equally important although not publicised at the time was the accumulation in large dumps of discarded vehicle tyres. These are in fact much more persistent in the environment than plastics and secondary uses have been traditionally found for a proportion of discarded tyres, ranging from impact absorbing buffers on boats and docks, to recreational usage in childrens play areas. Durability has been turned to advantage in these secondary applications of used tyres but in practice they utilise only a small fraction of the polymer wastes and a major proportion of discarded tyres ultimately end up in landfill. 

Another method of improving properties is to add inorganic fillers or reinforcements. If the designated secondary application for a recycled material requires higher rigidity, addition of reinforcements will improve the properties. A new material is created with different mechanical properties and in which smaller impurities do not have such a strong influence as in a pure plastic. 

Close co-operation between suppliers, OEMs and customers is vital to pin-point secondary applications. In many cases innovation in suitable applications for recycled materials comes from shrewd compounders and reclaimers. 

Further requirements are that the material should be suited for mechanical as well as energy recycling, to meet regulations in different countries. The proof of existing recycling technology and secondary applications for the reprocessed material would also be necessary to ensure environmental credibility. Several points would need to be fulfilled for an efficient recycling chain ... 

Nurses were instructed to separate, as completely as possible, the polypropylene-based Excel bag from the NR stopper and from other types of infusion containers, mainly made from PVC. Administration sets, mainly consisting of PVC, were also removed from the bag prior to disposal in the waste container. The waste containers were collected by a forwarding agency and brought to Pharmacia Upjohn where they were checked for mistakes in the sorting procedures. Samples were then taken for material characterisation and for manufacturing trials. Two possible secondary applications were identified boxes for waste collection and flower pots. 

Pharmacia Upjohn has embarked on academic co-operation with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) to develop methods for recycling and characterisation as well as to identify possible secondary applications for re-processed materials. 

KB has chosen the latter alternative. The company has accumulated a certain quantity of in-plant recyclate which, rather than selling a relatively expensive plastic too cheaply, it uses it to develop reprocessing, characterisation and secondary applications. A research project was initiated in 1990 with partners at the... 

Time of flight analyzers (TOFs) are important in two main areas, as high m/z analyzers for ions produced by MALDI and as analyzers of medium resolving power that can provide mass measurements for low mass ions to within a few ppm. They are available either in stand-alone single TOF arrangements, or hybrid tandem QqTOF or TOF-TOF arrangements. Use of any of these instruments for quantitation is really their secondary application, with the exception of GC/TOF instruments that were specifically designed for fast capillary GC. 

The annual budget for the entire American space program is about 19 billion, or 0.8 percent of the 2.4 trillion budget. Collectively, however, secondary applications (spin-offs) represent a substantial return on the national investment in aerospace research 7 from come back from spin-offs for every 1 spent on research. This surplus is generated by taxes from increased jobs in aerospace as well as all the other fields that produce spin-off goods. 

In conclusion, the future of pultrusion is very promising as one of the most cost-effective continuous composites manufacturing methods available to produce composite solutions to design problems (Sumerak and Martin, 1987). Pultrusion will not only remain a primary production process for secondary applications but also will flourish with the development of more and more novel products. 

Inert fillers reduce the cost of the recycled plastics but the mechanical properties, althou enhanced, remain insufficient for secondary applications. Elastomers can remarkably improve some mechanical properties. Some compatibUizing action is contributed by the functionalized polyethylene and sty-rene-butadiene-styrene rubber and CaO coated with organo-titanates. Finally, good results are obtained for blends produced from this mixture and recycled polyethylene. 

PLA is suitable for typical engineering applications that impose environmental burdens at the end of life. The rigidity of PLA can ensure good mechanical properties during applications, and yet it can easily undergo biodegradation after disposal. The use of PLA for essential engineering parts is limited. The use of PLA is mostly focused on secondary applications as listed in Table 8.2. In relation to its use in electronics and electrical applications. Table 8.3 sets out a comparison of PLA and PVA-coated cables. 

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