Health maintenance organization

BohlkeK, Davis RL,DeStefanoF,etal Epidemiology 24 of anaphylaxis among children and adolescents enrolled in a health maintenance organization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 113 536-542. 25... 

Peng MM. Jick H A population-based study of the incidence, cause, and severity of anaphylaxis in the United Kingdom. Arch Intern Med 2004 164 317-319. Bohlke K, Davis RL, DeStefano F. et al Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis among children and adolescents enrolled in a health maintenance organization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 113 536-542. 

SkaerTL, Sclar DA, Robison LM, et al (1996). Antidepressant pharmacotherapy effect on women s resource utilization within a health maintenance organization. Appl Ther 1, 45-52. 

Fig. 1 Health maintenance organization enrollment in the United States. (From Hoechst Marion Roussel Managed Care Digest Series /HMO-PPO Digest 1999.)...

Health maintenance organizations are the most restrictive type of managed care organization, and consumer dissatisfaction with restricted choice in HMOs likely was a significant factor in the growth of point of service (POS) plans. POS plans sometimes are referred to as open-ended HMOs. Like HMOs, enrollees typically select a primary care provider and pay no fee or a small copayment to see participating providers. POS plans differ from HMOs in that patients can receive coverage from physicians outside the network. However, patients pay more for care received from physicians outside the network and often must pay the full... 

BL Harris, A Stergachis, LD Ried. The effect of drug co-payments on utilization and cost of pharmaceuticals in a health maintenance organization. Med Care 28(10) 907 917, 1990. 

EC Hanson, M Shepherd. Formulary restrictiveness in health maintenance organizations. J Soc Ad Pharm 11 (1) 54—56, 1994. 

Harris, B. and A. Stergachis, "The Effect of Drug Co-payments on Utilization and Cost of Pharmaceuticals in a Health Maintenance Organization," Med. Care, 28,... 

Hamilton, J.D. and Bridge, J. (1999) Outcome at 6 months of 50 adolescents with major depression treated in a health maintenance organization. / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38 1340-1346. 

Mandatory drug product selection on the basis of price is common practice in the USA because third-party payers (insurance companies, health maintenance organizations, etc) enforce money-saving regulations. If outside a managed care organization, the prescriber can sometimes override these controls by writing "dispense as written" on a prescription... 

Selby JV, Ettinger B, Swain BE, Brown JB. First 20 months experience with use of metformin for type 2 diabetes in a large health maintenance organization. Diabetes Care 1999 22(l) 38-44. 

Another survey published in 2000 yielded a much higher figure for herbal drug use. Forty percent of patients at a health maintenance organization (an HMO) took herbal drugs, according to a survey published in the Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. The herbals most frequently used were garlic, aloe, cranberry, and echinacea. 

Cynthia Marshall is a pharmacist who works at a closed-staff-model health maintenance organization (HMO) pharmacy. Pharmacists at this clinic have access to patient charts that can be used to supplement information given by the patient to the pharmacy staff and what is written... 

FinchamJE, Wertheimer AI. 1987. Predictors of patient satisfaction with pharmacy services in a health maintenance organization. J Pharm Market Manag 2 73. 

Rossiter SL, Langwell K, Wan TTH, et al. 1989. Patient satisfaction among elderly enrollees and disenrollees in Medicare health maintenance organizations Results from the National Medicare Competition Evaluation. JAMA 262 57. 

Higher marketing costs at a time when Social Security institutions and health maintenance organizations insisted on lower selling prices for the drugs being offered. 

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