Polyvinyl chloride flame-retarded

Approximately 10 million pounds of trichloroethylene are used aimually as a chain transfer agent in the production of polyvinyl chloride (McNeill 1979). Other chemical intermediate uses of trichloroethylene include production of pharmaceuticals, polychlorinated aliphatics, flame retardant chemicals, and insecticides (Mannsville 1992 Windholz 1983). Trichloroethylene is used as a refrigerant for low-temperature heat transfer (Cooper and Hickman 1982 lARC 1979 McNeill 1979) and in the aerospace industry for flushing liquid oxygen (Hawley 1981 Kuney 1986). 

In order to determine the sources of contamination, some water samples, including wastewaters and effluents from different industries were also sampled. Along the Cinca River and in the industrial area of Monzon, industrial effluents from two different industries were selected the first one produced EPS (Expandable polystyrene) treated with flame retardants and ABS (Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), and the second one produced PVC (Polyvinyl chloride). As regards the Vero River, three industries were sampled the first one, a textile industry which produced polyester fibers treated with flame retardants, the second one produced epoxy... 

The plasticizer-range alcohols are largely used as feedstock for production of high molecular weight diesters of phthalic, adipic, azelaic, and sulftiric acids. All these are used primarily in plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other plastics. The plastics industry also uses them as additives for heat stabilization, to control the viscosity of PVC plastisols, ultraviolet absorbers, flame retardants, and antioxidants. They are also found in synthetic, lubricants, agricultural chemicals, and defoamers. 

Until recently, halogen-free products were only available in Europe, but Sony has now adopted global design specifications to ensure that all their projects meet the same standards. Sony aims to have all product lines free of brominated flame retardants by the end of 2005 if substitutes are found to be safer. They also aim to phase out all uses of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by 2005 as well as lead solder, and specified heavy metals. For example, a Walkman model has PVC-free cables and no brominated flame retardants or lead solder in the printed circuit board. 

Antimony has few other uses except as an alloy to harden other materials. One recent development was to add antimony oxide to polyvinyl chloride (PVC pipe) to act as a flame retardant. 

PBDEs are used in different resins, polymers, and substrates at levels ranging from 5 to 30% by weight (EU 2001). Plastic materials that utilize PBDEs as flame retardants include ABS polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polyamide(PA) polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) polyethylene (PE) cross-linked polyethylene (XPE) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polypropylene (PP) polystyrene (PS) high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polyurethane (PUR) and unsaturated polyester (UPE). These polymers and examples of their final products are summarized inTable 5-2 (Hardy 2002 WHO 1994a). 

PVC—Abbreviation used to denote polyvinyl chloride. A type of plastic material used for cable jacketing. Typically used in flame-retardant cables,... 

Among the emerging pollutants of industrial origin, Bisphenol A [2,2 bis(4-hydroxydiphenyl)pro-pane] (BPA) has special relevance since it was one of the first chemicals discovered to mimic estrogens as endocrine disrupters.147 This compound was first reported by Dianin in 1891.1411 BPA is produced in large quantities worldwide, mainly for the preparation of polycarbonates, epoxy resins, and unsaturated polyester-styrene resins.149 The final products are used in many ways, such as coatings on cans, powder paints, additives in thermal paper, in dental composite fillings, and even as antioxidants in plasticizers or polymerization inhibitors in polyvinyl chloride (PVC). To a minor extent, BPA is also used as precursor for flame retardants such as tetrabromobisphenol A or tetrabromobisphenol-S-bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) ether.150 This substance can enter the environment... 

Hydrogen chloride (HC1) and hydrogen bromide (HBr) are strong acids that dissociate entirely in water. Both may be present in fire gas, for example from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or brominated flame retardants, and since the damage caused by the acidity is independent of the anion (Cl or Br ). The current discussion focuses on HC1, it is also applicable to HBr. 

Lawson, D.F. Kay, E.L. Flame and smoke retardants for polyvinyl chloride. PCT US Patent 3,957,723, assigned to The Firestone Tire Rubber Company, 1976. 

The chemicals used for coating and laminating are polymeric materials, either naturally occurring or produced synthetically. These include natural and synthetic rubbers, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic, phenohc resins, polyurethanes, silicones, fluorochemicals, epoxy resins and polyesters." Coating formulations typically include auxiliaries such as plasticizers, adhesion promoters, viscosity regulators, pigments, fillers, flame retardants, catalysts and the like. ... 

Any post-consumer plastic stream will contain some halogens in the form of polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, brominated flame retardants, halogenated additives, food waste, or salt. Therefore, two issues must be considered. First, the gas stream resulting from the depolymerization of plastics must be scrubbed to remove any halogenated gases to satisfy emissions controls. Second, halogens in the liquid product must be minimized to increase its value and marketability. Therefore the Conrad process has been developed. It is a robust process unit that can accommodate a variable feedstream and produce a consistent product, free of nonhydrocarbon impurities by low feed preparation costs. 

PCAs (typically medium carbon chain length compounds of 50 - 60 wt% Cl) are also used as secondary plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and in other plastics (polyesters, polyolefins, polystyrene) and rubbers (neoprene). PCAs can partially replace primary plasticizers such as phthalates and phosphate esters [21]. As plasticizers, PCAs lend flame retardancy to the product, unlike phthalate esters [5]. They are added prior to the processing step for the polymer. 

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVQ Foams. Rigid PVC foam is inherently fire retardant because of the high chlorine content (56.7%). Flexible PVC foams present increased fire hazards because of the plasticizers they contain. Flammable plasticizers used include alkyl phthalates, as dioctyl phthalate. Non-burning types include alkyl aryl phosphates (phosphate esters). The latter types should improve resistance to ignition and reduce flame spread when compared to the usual phthalate plasticizers (38) (41). 

Use Manufacture of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, polychloro-prene (neoprene), polyvinyl chloride, hydrogen chloride, ethylene dichloride, hypochlorous acid, metallic chlorides, chloracetic acid, chlorobenzene, chlorinated lime water purification, shrinkproofing wool, flame-retardant compounds, special batteries (with lithium or zinc) processing of meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit. For information, refer to the Chlorine Institute, 2001 L St., NW, Suite 506, Washington DC 20036. 

Use High-pressure lubricants, as flame retardants in plastics and textiles, as plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride in polyethylene sealants, and in detergents. 

The brittleness of polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene was decreased by blending with plasticizers or impact modifying polymers. The flammability of polystyrene and polyolefins was decreased by the addition of flame retardants and the Instability of polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene was reduced by the addition of stabilizers. — The strength and heat resistance of all of the general purpose plastics were Improved by reinforcing with fiberglass or graphite fibers. 

When mixed with polyvinyl chloride, red phosphoms enhances the flammability and smoke formation characteristics of the latter. It manifests flame-retardant action on polystyrene while greatly enhancing smoke formation (Cullis et al. 1986). 

Antimony oxide/lead oxide - carbonate mixture is a well known pigment and paint (Naples yellow), and recently it has also been used as a flame retardant for plastics [primarily in polyvinyl chloride (PVC)] for their specific use in car components, in TV casings and so on, because it quenches the fire by reacting chemically with burning... 

Requirements of choosing material to make safety helmet for mine emergency hedge are as follows firstly, a confined space can be formed to protect wearer s face secondly, eye vision of wearer can be ensured and wearer s eyes also can be protected. Therefore, aluminium foil coated flame-retardant cotton cloth material was chosen against the first requirement, PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) was chosen against the second requirement. 

Because of their favourable cost-performance ratio, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coated polyester (PET) fabric is the most common basic material used. It can be applied over the whole spectrum from small temporary to wide-span structures. With a top-coat that protects the PVC from soiling and early ageing, a life-span of up to 20-25 years can be obtained. PVC-PET composites are joined by high-frequency or hot wedge welding. With flame-retardant additives to the PVC coating, fire class B1 can be achieved. 

Polyvinyl chloride Electrical Brominated flame retardant [42]... 

Plasticizers are most commonly liquid esters of low volatUity, which are blended into rigid thermoplastic polymers to make them soft and flexible. Most are esters of phthatic, phosphoric, and adipic acids. Major use is in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) elastoplastics. Another major use, rarely mentioned in the literature, is the addition of hydrocarbon oils to rubber to improve processability. Plasticizers are also used to improve melt processabUity and toughness of rigid plastics such as cellulose esters and ethers, and they are used in a variety of specialized apphcations. In some cases, they perform dual functions such as thermal stabilization or flame retardance. This gives the individual processor the ability to tailor properties for each produet. 

The significant advantages of products produced from chlorinated polyethylene are their improved resistance to chemical extraction, plasticizer volatility, and weathering. Products made from chlorinated polyethylene do not fog at higher use temperatures and can be made completely flame retardant. They do, however, exhibit chemical instability similar to that of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). They may be used as primary compounding materials or as blending resins with PVC, high- and low-density polyethylene, and other polymers. They are cross-linkable by irradiation or chemical means. 

Epoxy molding compounds are made flame retardant with tetrabromo-bisphenol A as the reactive intermediate in manufacturing the epoxy compound. Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) usually does not require flame retardants because of its high chlorine content. However, flexible PVC will use retardants such as antimony oxide, zinc borate, and chlorinated paraffins and phosphate esters. ATH can also be used in compounds that tolerate fillers and is typically combined with antimony oxide and phosphate esters. 

Most plasticizers are used with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Some go into such plastics as cellulosics, nylon, polyolefins, and styrenics. Plasticizers are typically di- and tri-esters of aromatic or aliphatic acids and anhydrides. Epoxidized oil, phosphate esters, hydrocarbon oils, and some other materials also function as plasticizers. In some cases, it is difficult to discern whether a particular polymer additive functions as a plasticizer, lubricant, or flame retardant. The most popular plasticizers are the phthalates, followed by the epoxies, adipates, azelates, trimeflitates, phosphates, polyesters, and others. There are a number of discrete chemical compounds within each of these categories. As a result, the total number of plasticizers available is substantial. 

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