Polysulfone-sulfonated poly

Bowen, W. R., Doneva, T. A., and Yin, H. B. 2001. Polysulfone—Sulfonated poly(ether ether)ketone blend membranes Systematic synthesis and characterisation. Journal of Membrane Science 181 253-263. 

Sulfonated aromatic polymers have been widely studied as alternatives to Nafion due to potentially attractive mechanical properties, thermal and chemical stability, and commercial availability of the base aromatic polymers. Aromatic polymers studied in fuel cell apphcations include sulfonated poly(p-phenylene)s, sulfonated polysulfones, sulfonated poly(ether ether ke-tone)s (SPEEKs), sulfonated polyimides (SPIs), sulfonated polyphosphazenes, and sulfonated polybenzimidazoles. Representative chemical structures of sulfonated aromatic polymers are shown in Scheme 3. Aromatic polymers are readily sulfonated using concentrated sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, or sulfur trioxide. Post-sulfonation reactions suffer from a lack of control over the degree and location of functionalization, and the... 

Arthanareeswaran, G., Mohan, D., Raajenthiren, M. (2007). Preparation and Performance of Polysulfone-Sulfonated Poly(ester ester ketone) Blend Ultrafiltration Membranes. PeaXl. Appl. Surface Sci., 253(21), 8705-8712. 

Arthanareeswaran, G., Mohan, D. and Raajenthiren, M. 2007a. Preparation and performance of polysulfone-sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) blend ultrafiltration membranes. Part I. Awl. Surf. Set 253 8705-8712. 

Bowen, W.R., Doneva, T.A. Yin, H.B. (2001) Polysulfone - sulfonated poly(ether ether) ketone blend membranes systematic synthesis and characterisation. Journal of Membrane Science, 181 (2), 253-263. 

Recendy, Guiver et al. reported a number of derivatives of polysulfone and poly(aryl sulfone).172 188 Polysulfones were activated either on the ortho-sulfone sites or the ortho-ether sites by direct lithiation or bromination-lithiation. The lithiated intermediates were claimed to be quantitatively converted to azides by treatment with tosyl azides. Azides are thermally and photochemically labile groups capable of being transformed readily into a number of other useful derivatives. 

To date, much effort has been undertaken to develop new alternatives. For example, sulfonated aromatic polymers, i.e., polymers with the sulfonic acid groups directly attached to the main chain or carrying short pendant side chains with terminal sulfonic acid units, attract increasing interest because of their chemical and thermal stability, and the ease of the sulfonation procedure. Some of the proposed polymers are sulfonated polysulfone (SPSU) [134] sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) (SPPO) [135] sulfonated poly-(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) [136] poly(phenylquinoxaline) (PPQ) [137] and poly(benzeneimidazole) (PBI) [138],... 

In addition to Nafion-based catalyst layers, additional types have been developed, including CLs with different ion exchange capacities (lECs) [57,58] or with other hydrocarbon-type ionomers such as sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) [58-60], sulfonated polysulfone [61,62], sulfonated polyether ionomers [63], and borosiloxane electrolytes [64], as well as sulfonated polyimide [65]. These nonfluorinated polymer materials have been targeted to reduce cost and/or increase operating temperature. Unfortunately, such CLs still encounter problems with low Pt utilization, flooding, and inferior performance compared wifh convenfional Nafion-based CLs. 

One of the first examples of this type of blend was composed of SPEEK or SPES as the acidic component and diaminated PES, poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP), poly(benzimidazole) (PBl), or poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) as the basic component. " For blend lEC values of 1.0 meq/g, conductivity values were reported to be good, as was H2/O2 EC performance. Thermal stabilities for these blends was also demonstrated to be high (>270°C). Other examples of acid-base PEMs include blends of SPPO and PBI, sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) and aminated SPES, SPIs and aminated Pls, and SPEEK with PES bearing benzimidazole side groups, ° as well as an unusual example in which the blend is composed of sulfonated, hyper-branched polyether and pyridine-functionalized polysulfone. ... 

Manea, C. and Mulder, M. 2002. Characterization of polymer blends of poly-ethersulfone/sulfonated polysulfone and polyethersulfone/sulfonated poly-etheretherketone for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Journal of Membrane Science 206 443-453. 

Fu, Y. Z., Manthiram, A. and Guiver, M. D. 2006. Blend membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and polysulfone bearing benzimidazole side groups for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Electrochemistry... 

Poly N-amideimide (UOP) Polybenzooxadinon (Bayer) Polyhidantoin (Bayer) Sulfonated polysulfone Sulfonated PPO (GE) NS-100 (North Star) ... 

Sinclair-Koppers Co. Lexan 125 bisphenol A polycarbonate from General Electric Co. Polysulfone aromatic poly(sulfone-ether) from Union Carbide Corp. and PPO poly(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide) from General Electric Co. 

Different TPs have been used to modify thermosets, such as poly(ether sulfone) (PES), polysulfone (PSF), poly(ether ketone) (PEK), polyether imide (PEI), poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), linear polyimides, polyhydan-toin, etc. (Stenzenberger et al., 1988 Pascal et al., 1990, 1995 Pascault and Williams, 2000). 

Most of today s ultrafiltration membranes are made by variations of the Loeb-Sourirajan process. A limited number of materials are used, primarily polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride)-polyacrylonitrile copolymers, polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), poly(vinylidene fluoride), some aromatic polyamides, and cellulose acetate. In general, the more hydrophilic membranes are more fouling-resistant than the completely hydrophobic materials. For this reason water-soluble... 

He, T. (2008) Towards stabilization of supported liquid membranes preparation and characterization of polysulfone support and sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) coated composite hollow-fiber membranes. Desalination, 225, 82. 

PB PBI PBMA PBO PBT(H) PBTP PC PCHMA PCTFE PDAP PDMS PE PEHD PELD PEMD PEC PEEK PEG PEI PEK PEN PEO PES PET PF PI PIB PMA PMMA PMI PMP POB POM PP PPE PPP PPPE PPQ PPS PPSU PS PSU PTFE PTMT PU PUR Poly(n.butylene) Poly(benzimidazole) Poly(n.butyl methacrylate) Poly(benzoxazole) Poly(benzthiazole) Poly(butylene glycol terephthalate) Polycarbonate Poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) Poly(chloro-trifluoro ethylene) Poly(diallyl phthalate) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Polyethylene High density polyethylene Low density polyethylene Medium density polyethylene Chlorinated polyethylene Poly-ether-ether ketone poly(ethylene glycol) Poly-ether-imide Poly-ether ketone Poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) Poly(ethylene oxide) Poly-ether sulfone Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyimide Polyisobutylene Poly(methyl acrylate) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(methacryl imide) Poly(methylpentene) Poly(hydroxy-benzoate) Polyoxymethylene = polyacetal = polyformaldehyde Polypropylene Poly (2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene ether) = Poly(phenylene oxide) Polyp araphenylene Poly(2,6-diphenyl-l,4-phenylene ether) Poly(phenyl quinoxaline) Polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfide Polyphenylene sulfone Polystyrene Polysulfone Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) Polyurethane Polyurethane rubber... 

Figure 18.18 Map of dielectric properties of engineering plastics. Among engineering plastics, SPS (impact modified and GF-reinforced HB and IR grades) has very low dielectric dissipation factor and dielectric constant following those of fluorocarbon polymers. PSF, polysulfone PPE, poly(phenylene ether) PES, poly(ether sulfone) PAr, polyarylate...

Fig. 7 Chemical structures of some sulfonated polymers and a polyimide (A) sulfonated polyetheretherketone, PEEK, PSE (B) sulfonated polyphenylenesulfide, PPS (C) sulfonated polysulfone (D) poly(4,4 -biphenol) (4,4 -dichlorodiphenyl sulfone), BPSH-XX (XX is mol% of disulfdonated units) (E) sulfonated polybenzimidazole, PBI (F) polyimide.

Typical UF membrane materials are polysulfone (PS), poly ether sulfone (PES), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), cellulose acetate (CA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyimide (PI), and polyetherimide (PEI) ... 

Monteneri and collaborators have prepared polysulfonates from poly-phenylene sulfide (SPPS)49 and studied their conductance and electrolyte transport properties50. The sulfonated products with IEC up to 3 meq g 1 were insoluble in any tested solvent except thionyl chloride, in which they converted to the polysulfonyl chlorides... 

Assistant Professor of Physical Chemistry, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt Bisphenol-A polysulfone Polycarbonate Poly(ether sulfone)... 

Another method of preparing nanofiltration membranes is to dip-coat a thin layer of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) (SPPO) [17], sulfonated polysulfone (SPS) [18], or carboxylated polysulfone [19] on a porous substrate membrane. The sulfonic acid groups in SPPO and SPS also become negatively charged with -SO3 groups upon dissociation. Sulfonic acid is a stronger acid than carboxylic acid. 

Membrane permeation properties are largely governed by the pore sizes and the pore size distributions of UF membranes. Rather, thermal, chemical, mechanical, and biological stability are considered of greater importance. Typical UF membrane materials are polysulfone (PS), poly(ether sulfone), poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), cellulose acetate and other cellulose esters, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(vinyKdene fluoride) (PVDF), polyimide (PI), poly(etherimide) (PEI), and aliphatic polyamide (PA). All these polymers have a Tg higher than 145 °C except for celliflose esters. They are also stable chemically and mechanically, and their biodegradabflity is low. The membranes are made by the dry-wet phase inversion technique. 

Bowen et al. [40] used sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) as an additive in the polysulfone (PSf)/SPEEK/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) system. Membrane characterization was carried out using filtration studies and AEM. Membranes prepared from solutions in the region of polyelectrolyte behavior [41] showed more pronounced and systematic improvement of membrane permeability and salt rejection. A small decrease in pore size and surface roughness was also followed by an increase in SPEEK content. Compared with a - 28.5 mN m adhesion force of a 4 pm silica particle for a SPEEK free PSf membrane, a SPEEK modified membrane showed greatly reduced adhesion of - 0.75 mNm h This, together with the surface smoothening effect, leads to the reduction of membrane fouling when the surface is modified by the addition of SPEEK. 

In another study, Bowen et al. [42] prepared membranes from polymer blends of polysulfone and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (PSf/SPEEK). It was reported that these membranes had high porosities, high charge densities, and pore sizes at the boundary between NF and UE For comparison, two commercial membranes of cellulose acetate and poly(ether sulfone) were chosen. Therefore, the following four membranes were involved in their study ... 

Fig. 6.9 Structure of (a) sulfonated Udel-1700 polysulfone, and (b) sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (sPAES)...

Udel Polysulfone Solvay Poly(bisphenol A sulfone) [3,44,137]... 

Amorphous polymers are characterized by the following properties They are transparent and very often soluble in common organic solvents at room temperature. The following amorphous polymers have gained industrial importance as thermoplastic materials poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), ABS-polymers, polycarbonate, cycloolefine copolymers, polysulfone, poly (ether sulfone), poly(ether imide). 

Polysulfones with trimethylsilyl groups Silyl-modified polysulfones and poly(phenyl sulfones)... 

Membrane polymers include polypropylene, poly (vinylidene difiuoride), polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), poly(ether ether ketone), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polycarbonate, and poly(ethylene terephthalate). 

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