Polypropylene commercial production

There are two types of polyolefin paper at present polyethylene and polypropylene. Commercial products include the SWP polyolefin papers developed jointly by Mitsui Petrochemicals Inc. and Crown Zellerboch Co., and Pulpex and Perlosa paper products by Hercules Co. 

Polyolefins. The most common polyolefin used to prepare composites is polypropylene [9003-07-0] a commodity polymer that has been in commercial production for almost 40 years following its controlled polymerisation by Natta in 1954 (5). Natta used a Ziegler catalyst (6) consisting of titanium tetrachloride and an aluminum alkyl to produce isotactic polypropylene directly from propylene ... 

Several manufacturers introduced products amenable for this solid-supported LLE and for supported liquid extraction (SLE). The most common support material is high-purity diatomaceous earth. Table 1.8 lists some commercial products and their suppliers. The most widely investigated membrane-based format is the supported liquid membrane (SLM) on a polymeric (usually polypropylene) porous hollow fiber. The tubular polypropylene fiber (short length, 5 to 10 cm) is dipped into an organic solvent such as nitrophenyl octylether or 1-octanol so that the liquid diffuses into the pores on the fiber wall. This liquid serves as the extraction solvent when the coated fiber is dipped... 

Examples of important commercial products obtained by free radical polymerisation of substituted ethenes are polypropene (polypropylene). Polyphenylethene (polystyrene), poly-1 chloroethene (polyvinyl chloride) and poly 1-methoxy carbonyl-1 methylethene (polymethalmethacrylate). 

Natta synthesised polypropylene in 1954. The first commercial production was done by Montacatini in 1957. 

P.Y.177 which was introduced to the market a few years ago, is not listed anymore as a commercial product. It was a special-purpose pigment for polypropylene and polyamide spin dyeing. As a colorant for these media, P.Y.177 has the added advantage of enhancing the stability of the fibers. 

The Ziegler-Natta catalysts have acquired practical importance particularly as heterogeneous systems, mostly owing to the commercial production of linear high- and low-density polyethylenes and isotactic polypropylene. Elastomers based on ethylene-propylene copolymers (with the use of vanadium-based catalysts) as well as 1,4-cz s-and 1,4-tran.y-poly(l, 3-butadiene) and polyisoprene are also produced. These catalysts are extremely versatile and can be used in many other polymerisations of various hydrocarbon monomers, leading very often to polymers of different stereoregularity. In 1963, both Ziegler and Natta were awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry. 

The commercial production of high-density polyethylene started almost at the same time in late 1956 by Phillips using a chromium-based catalyst in a medium-pressure process and by Hoechst using a Ziegler catalyst in a low-pressure process. Polypropylene production began in Montecatini and Hercules plants in 1957. Poly(l-butene) and poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) have been produced in small commercial quantities since about 1965. The commercial production of ethylene/propylene-based rubbers started in 1960 [241]. 

With respect to the other fibers in Table II, glass fiber and textile-grade multifilament polypropylene came into commercial production in the United States in 1936 and 1961, respectively (4). A number of generic types have not been mentioned in this brief outline of the foundations of the man-made fiber industry since their utilization in the United States is relatively small, either because they are utilized for specialized end uses or because they have not reached their full potential as yet. 

The commercial products are in most cases in the form of a paste. Standard pastes contain 27-35% mineral spirits. For waterborne applications carrier contains mixture of mineral spirits, nitroethane, and polypropylene glycol. Ink grades contain isopropyl alcohol or ink oil. Plastic grades are dispersed in plasticizer (DOP, DIDP), mineral oil or resin. 

The products of the thermal phase-separation membranes form a wide range of styles and configurations. Three pore sizes are currently In commercial production In polypropylene flat stock, rated at 0.45, 0.2, and 0.1 micrometers, having maximum pore sizes of about 1.0, 0.55, and 0.3 micrometers, respectively. The last two are particularly attractive for depyrogenatlon work which has been described by J. R. Robinson, et al W. A similar membrane-manufacturing process Is also used for making hollow fibers and tubes which are especially useful in cross-flow applications (10) and plasmapheresis ( ). 

Some compounds, particularly hydrogen, are effective chain transfer agents [cf. Eq. (9.13)] that cause reduction of molecular weight. For this reason hydrogen is usually added in the commercial production of polyethylene and polypropylene. It is easy to modify Eq. (P9.3.10) to include the effect of hydrogen by adding an extra term ktr,Hi [ 2]/ [M] to the right side of Eq. (P9.3.10). 

Since the discovery of olefin polymerization using the Ziegler-Natta eatalyst, polyolefin has become one of the most important polymers produeed industrially. In particular, polyethylene, polypropylene and ethylene-propylene copolymers have been widely used as commercial products. High resolution solution NMR has become the most powerful analytieal method used to investigate the microstructures of these polymers. It is well known that the tacticity and comonomer sequence distribution are important factors for determining the mechanical properties of these copolymers. Furthermore, information on polymer microstructures from the analysis of solution NMR has added to an understanding of the mechanism of polymerization. 

Polypropylene Other Polyolefins Commercial Production Properties and Applications Consumption of Polyolefins New Monomers and Polymers Growth of Understanding Catalysts and Kinetics Structure vs. Properties The Future... 

The original, simplest polyolefins, polyethylene and polypropylene, continue to dominate the scene, even after two decades, to such an extent that no other polyolefin even appears on the production charts. Nevertheless, a great many (we may assume all) available olefins have been tested, and many have been found capable of being converted to stereoregular polymers. As was mentioned above, poly(l-butene) and poly(4-methy1-1-pentene) are being offered commercially and may be expected to achieve significant volume in the future. Isotactic and syndiotactic polystyrene are of much theoretical interest (26) but are not yet commercial products. 

Ziegler-Natta catalysts have been used to prepare a number of block copolymers, though in most cases these are mixed with significant amounts of homopolymers. The Ziegler-Natta method is clearly inferior to anionic polymerization for preparing block copolymers of controlled compositions. Nevertheless, block copolymers of ethylene and propylene (Polyallomers), which are high-impact plastics exhibiting crystallinity characteristics of both isotactic polypropylene and linear polyethylene, have been made by this process as a commercial product. 

The following two commercial products are typical examples (1) Alacstat C-2 (Alcolac Chemical Corp., U.S.A.). This is anN,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-alkylamineused for polyolefins at 0.1% by weight. (2) Catanac 477 (American Cyanamid Co., U.S.A.). It is N-(3-dodecyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl)ethanolamine (C12H25OCH2CHOHCH2NHCH2CH2OH) used for linear polyethylene (0.15% by weight), for polystyrene (1.5% by weight), and for polypropylene (1% by weight). These compounds are not recommended for PVC. 

Commercial production of crystalline polypropylene (PP) was first put on stream in late 1959 by Hercules in the United States, by Montecatini in Italy, and by Farbenwerke Hoechst AG in Germany. The workhorse process for commercial production of PP has been slurry polymerizations in liquid hydrocarbon diluent, for example, hexane or heptane. These are carried out either in stirred batch or... 

Both chlorination and bromination of polypropylene and isobutylene lead to degradation of the main chain, with the loss of many useful properties. Degradation during chlorination can, however, be avoided at low temperatures by limiting the reaction to a maximum of about 2%. This procedure forms a useful commercial product. 

Nonwoven melt-blown These fibers are composed of discontinuous filaments and are smaller than those of spun-bonded fabrics. Fibers produced are very fine with a typical diameter of 3 pm. Most commercial products are made of polyester or high melt-flow polypropylene plastic. 

Lower molecular weight versions are commercial products. High molecular weight versions are being evaluated as elastomers and as blend components for modification of isotactic polypropylene. ... 

In summary, there is an impressive amount of research effort on various polypropylene fiber products. The developments of fine-denier spinning, dyeability modification, high fiber strength and modulus, and nanocomposites certainly appear inductive to further growth in market shares and value-in-use for propylene fibers. However, as with other synthetic fibers, the manufacturing process yield and cost, particularly spinning continuity, must not be adversely impacted by any new technology to be commercialized. This is clearly the key to the future success of polypropylene fibers. 

PP known as polypropene, is one of those most versatile polymers available with applications, both as a plastic and as a fibre, in virtually all of the plastics end-use markets. Professor Giulio Natta produced the first polypropylene resin in Spain in 1954. Natta utilised catalysts developed for the polyethylene industry and applied the technology to propylene gas. Commercial production began in 1957 and polypropylene usage has displayed strong growth from this date. PP is a linear hydrocarbon polymer, expressed as... 

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