Generic types

There are generic structure types, generic enumeration types, generic class types and generic list types. A generic type is denoted by the sequence 

A generic type declaration declares a set of types ST (in the example below, the generic entity type GEN1 denotes the type set (LIST OF INTEGER, LIST OF LOGICAL, LIST OF REAL) ). To select one element of ST, one has to replace the parameters of PARAMETRIC TYPE by elements of the corresponding parameter types (parameter type names) typel,. ..typeN. Such a selected type is called a type instance. Type instances are denoted by the sequence 

In the example below, the type instance GEN4(REAL) denotes the list type LIST OF REAL and GEN4(C1) denotes the class CLASS( LIST OF INTEGER, LIST OF REAL, LIST OF LOGICAL ). 

Syntax type inst = type name ( par values ) 

Example. ENTITY Cl = CLASS(INTEGER, LOGICAL, REAL)  

Many commercial additives constitute of mixtures of several components or formulations of unknown composition. These additives are not included in this discussion. Only generic materials are compared in this chapter. The role of this chapter is  

Description of additives within their generic groups falls into one of the following categories  

Using standardized method of data presentation, t5 ical characteristics of the groups are presented in tabulated form for easy comparison. 

---

There are two generic types of external fields that are of general interest. In one of these, which relates to the scattering experiments, the external fields are to be taken as periodic perturbations... 

Garboxylates. Zirconium hydroxy carboxylates of the generic type... 

Material (generic type) Minimum temperature Maximum temperature ... 

The basic approach will be to select one generic type initially, with a knowledge of its advantages and limitations. If this material is not suitable, different pathways will be followed depending on the deficiencies of the first material. 

The parts count method is suitable for early design phase reliability prediction. The method uses information on generic types, quality levels, and environment. The latter two effects are considered with the application of specified factors. The failure rates for both methods are calculated using the same generic expressions. 

TABLE 12.8 Typical Eluent Systems for Generic Types of Water-Soluble Polymers... 

Figure 7.3 The positions occupied by LC and GC in a generic Type I phase diagram representing the mobile phase. Note that the GC mobile phase is shown as being composed of 100% component a, but this makes no difference chemically because there are no solute-mobile-phase interactions in GC. Reproduced by permission of the American Chemical Society.

Figure 9-11 OB. Representative generic types of fiii for cooling towers. Used by permission of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Beyer, A. H., Chemical Engineering Progress, V. 89, No. 7 (1993) all rights reserved.

In practice, the selection of coatings is often the opposite to what might be expected. There is a multitude of proprietary materials but the choice of generic types is limited. Section 12.3 of this chapter is designed to illustrate the basic properties of these generic types as a preliminary guide to selection by the engineer. The specifiers tend to examine the available materials to see if they will fit the requirements, rather than vice versa. 

It will be seen that the impressed current electrode discharges positive current, i.e. it acts as an anode in the cell. There are three generic types of anode used in cathodic protection, viz, consumable, non-consumable and semi-consumable. The consumable electrodes undergo an anodic reaction that involves their consumption. Thus an anode made of scrap iron produces positive current by the reaction ... 

Whilst cathodic protection can be used to protect most metals from aqueous corrosion, it is most commonly applied to carbon steel in natural environments (waters, soils and sands). In a cathodic protection system the sacrificial anode must be more electronegative than the structure. There is, therefore, a limited range of suitable materials available to protect carbon steel. The range is further restricted by the fact that the most electronegative metals (Li, Na and K) corrode extremely rapidly in aqueous environments. Thus, only magnesium, aluminium and zinc are viable possibilities. These metals form the basis of the three generic types of sacrificial anode. 

In practice, with one minor exception (pure zinc), the commercially pure metals are unsuitable as sacrificial anode materials. This is because they fail to meet one or more of the pre-requisites outlined above. In each generic type of material alloying elements are added to ensure more acceptable properties. 

Even within a generic type of alloy there are significant performance differences. Thus, for example, Al-Zn-In alloys provide a higher driving voltage but a lower current capacity than Al-Zn-Hg alloys. Once a decision to use a generic type of alloy has been made, these apparently small differences in performance become important in the final selection. This subject is also discussed below. 

Table 10.8 outlines the quality requirements of the basis, or primary, metal for the three generic types of anode. These are the qualities required even when sequestering is also adopted. It will be seen that two grades are listed in the case of aluminium. This is because certain patented formulations permit the lower (99- 8%) grade material providing that the iron and silicon are within the limit given. 

Aluminium anodes comprise essentially three generic types Al-Zn-In, Al-Zn-Hg and Al-Zn-Sn. Since Al-Zn-Sn alloys have largely been superseded, they will not be discussed further. Indium and mercury are added to aluminium to act as activators, i.e. to overcome the natural passivation of aluminium. Despite this, aluminium anodes are not suitable for low chloride environments which would lead to passivation. These anodes are therefore not used for land-based applications (although examples of use in environments such as swamps do exist). Similarly their use in low chloride aqueous environments such as estuaries must be viewed with caution. 

Rubacams is a computer aided materials selection routine for elastomeric materials. Covering 99 generic types of rubber, each material is cross referenced with over 190 chemical agents and materials property data including physical, chemical mechanical and process related properties. Search results... 

Plasticiser/oil in rubber is usually determined by solvent extraction (ISO 1407) and FTIR identification [57] TGA can usually provide good quantifications of plasticiser contents. Antidegradants in rubber compounds may be determined by HS-GC-MS for volatile species (e.g. BHT, IPPD), but usually solvent extraction is required, followed by GC-MS, HPLC, UV or DP-MS analysis. Since cross-linked rubbers are insoluble, more complex extraction procedures must be carried out. The determination of antioxidants in rubbers by means of HPLC and TLC has been reviewed [58], The TLC technique for antidegradants in rubbers is described in ASTM D 3156 and ISO 4645.2 (1984). Direct probe EIMS was also used to analyse antioxidants (hindered phenols and aromatic amines) in rubber extracts [59]. ISO 11089 (1997) deals with the determination of /V-phenyl-/9-naphthylamine and poly-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMDQ) as well as other generic types of antiozonants such as IV-alkyl-AL-phenyl-p-phenylenediamines (e.g. IPPD and 6PPD) and A-aryl-AL-aryl-p-phenylenediamines (e.g. DPPD), by means of HPLC. 

Mode of operation Generic type Feed condition Specific dryer types Jack- eted Suitable for heat-sensitive materials Suitable for vacuum service Retention or cycle time Heat transfer method Capacity Typical evaporation capacity... 

Interest in compounds of this generic type has cooled considerably in the wake of the thalidomide tragedy. 

There are three generic types of species with this description those cyclic dienes in which both double bonds are found totally within, or endo to, the ring those in which... 

Chapter 3 has discussed a wide range of chemical phenomena involving atoms with partially filled s and p shells. Indeed, the chemistry of these elements is so closely tied to the energies and shapes of s/p orbitals (as well as the hybrids, bonds, and antibonds to which they give rise) that we can virtually speak of s/p-orbital chemistry as a generic type of chemical behavior. 

Quantum-mechanical approximation methods can be classified into three generic types (1) variational, (2) perturbative, and (3) density functional. The first two can be systematically improved toward exactness, but a systematic correction procedure is generally lacking in the third case. 

BAF [Biological aerated filter] A generic type of sewage treatment process in which the biological medium is supported on a porous matrix. See BIOBEAD, BIOCARBONE, BIO-FOR, BIOPUR, BIOSTYR, COLOX, CTX, FAST, SAFe, STEREAU. 

Plasma gasification is a generic-type process that can accommodate virtually any input waste material in as-received condition, including liquids, gases, and solids in any form or combination. Also, moisture content is not a problem. Liquids, gases, and small particle-size waste materials are very easily and efficiently processed. Bulky items, such as household appliances, tires, and bedsprings, can also be readily accommodated without loss of destruction efficiency. The reactor vessel and waste feed mechanism are designed for the physical characteristics of the input waste stream. Even waste materials such as low-level radioactive waste can be processed to reduce the bulk and encapsulate the radioactive constituents to reduce leachability. 

Collections are so widely used in modeling that there is a standard package of generic types, extensible by an experienced modeler, as detailed in Appendix A. In Catalysis, collections themselves are immutable objects, although they are not usually explicitly shown on type models. As usual, collection attributes do not dictate an implementation but are used simply to make terms precise they are an abstraction of any implementatiou... 

Seq(Phone) Application of a generic type Seq(X) to a specific type Phone. 

---