Polymeric surfactants solubilization

Uses Polymerization surfactant, solubilizer for latex applies. 

Florence (1983) provide a comprehensive reference for the use of surfactants in drug formulation development. The treatment by Florence (1981) of drug solubilization in surfactant systems is more focused on the question at hand and provides a clear description of surfactant behavior and solubilization in conventional hydrocarbon-based surfactants, especially nonionic surfactants. This chapter will discuss the conventional surfactant micelles in general as well as update the reader on recent practical/commercial solubilization applications utilizing surfactants. Other uses of surfactants as wetting agents, emulsiLers, and surface modiLers, and for other pharmaceutical applications are nc emphasized. Readers can refer to other chapters in this book for details on these uses of surfactant Polymeric surfactant micelles will be discussed in Chapter 13, Micellization and Drug Solubility Enhancement Part II Polymeric Micelles. 

Gadelle et al. (1995) investigated the solubilization of various aromatic solutes irbfftRSS-b-PEO (ABA)/PPO-bPEO-bPPO (BAB) triblock copolymers. According to the experimental results, they indicated two different solubilization processes. To understand better the mechanism for solubilization in the polymeric surfactant solutions, it was postulated that (1) the addition of apolar solutes promotes micellization of the polymeric surfactant molecules, (2) the central core of the polymeric micelles contains some water molecules, and (3) solubilization is initially a replacement process in which water molecules are displaced from the micellar core bythesolubilizate. Adetailed discussion of the solubilization process can be found in the next section and the pharmaceutical application section of this chapter. 

As with traditional surfactants, additives may inLuence the onset of micellization of polymeric surfactants and thus affect solubilization. These additives can include inorganic salts and sugars used to adjust isotonicity and even the solubilizate drug itself. In addition to micellization, these additives can inLuence the LCST or CP and even the structure of micelles formed. 

In terms of solubilization ability, Gadelle et al. (1995) showed that there were distinct differences between conventional surfactant micelles and polymeric surfactant micelles. Solubilization in block... 

Surfactant aggregates (microemulsions, micelles, monolayers, vesicles, and liquid crystals) are recently the subject of extensive basic and applied research, because of their inherently interesting chemistry, as well as their diverse technical applications in such fields as petroleum, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and detergents. Some of the important systems which these aggregates may model are enzyme catalysis, membrane transport, and drug delivery. More practical uses for them are enhanced tertiary oil recovery, emulsion polymerization, and solubilization and detoxification of pesticides and other toxic organic chemicals. 

These are stable micelles that are formed with polymeric surfactants. Amphiphilic block copolymers such as the pluronics (polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers) are able to self-assemble into polymeric micelles and hydrophobic drugs may be solubilized within the core of the micelle or, alternatively, conjugated to the micelle-forming polymer. Although micelles are rather dynamic systems that continuously exchange units between the micelle structure and the free units in solution, those composed of polyoxyethylene - poly(aspartic acid) have been found sufficiently... 

Chem. Descrip. Sodium hexyl diphenyloxide disultonate Uses Surfactant, solubilizer tor cleaning, emulsion polymerization, latex mtg., paints, adhesives, min. and metal processing, textile applies. Features Lowest foaming and highest charge density prod, in Dowfax series high solubilizing capabilities in acids, alkalis, and electrolytes Properties Amber clear liq. sol. in water, 15% HCI, 45% TKPP, 32% NaOH si. sol. in ethanol m.w. 474 sp.gr. 1.1954 vise. 130 cps HLB 19.0 surf. tens. 32 dynes/cm (0.1% NaCI) Ross-Miles foam 195 mm (1% aq., initial) anionic 45% act. 

Uses Emulsifier, thickener, wetting agent, dispersant, solubilizer, stabilizer for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals demulsifier in petrol, industry detergent ingred. antistat for polyethylene and resin molding powds. metal treatment emulsion polymerization surfactant in latex-based paints, aq.-based syn. cutting fluids and vulcanization of rubber Properties Colorless liq. m.w. 5500 ref. index 1.4613 water-sol. sp.gr. 1.04 vise. 850 cps HLB 15 cloud pt. 65 C (1%) pour pt. 18 C surf, tens. 40.3 dynes/cm (0.1%) nonionic 100% act. 

Uses Surfactant solubilizer, detergent for household/industrial detergents, cosmetics, textiles, leather, agric., paints/coatings, emulsion polymerization, iubricants, silicon and wax emulsions, metal treatment, paper processing costabilizer to increase mechanical or salt stability in polymer dispersions... 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 4150 mg/kg, (IV, rat) 390 mg/kg poison by IV route mod. toxic by ing. irritating to skin and eyes TSCA listed Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes Uses Surfactant, thickener, emulsifier, vise, control agent, lubricant, solubilizer for personal care prods. emulsion polymerization surfactant textile spin finishes emulsifier for antibiotic gels... 

Uses Surfactant, solubilizer, emulsifier in cosmetics, prep, of o/w emulsions/creams/lotions, pharmaceuticals solubilizer for flavors, perfumes, vitamin oils dispersant antistat in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings in food-contact textiles Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.300, 177.2800 Manuf/Distrib. A EConnock http //www. con nock. co. uk Trade Name Synonyms Emalex GM-30 [Nihon Emulsion http //www.nihon-emulsion.co.Jp] Tagat S [Goldschmidt... 

Uses Surfactant, solubilizer, emulsifier, wetting agent, emollient for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, metalworking, emulsion polymerization, agric., household detergents in food-contact textiles Regulatory FDA 21CFR 177.2800 NF compliance... 

Synonyms Octadecanoic acid, sulfo-, sodium salt Oleic acid, sulfonated, sodium salt Sodium oleic acid sulfonate Sodium sulfonated oleate Sodium sulfooctadecanoate Sulfooctadecanoic acid, sodium salt Empirical CisHseOsS xNa Properties M.w. 386.53 anionic Uses Wetting agent emulsifier antifoam defoamer dispersant penetrant corrosion inhibitor solubilizer polymerization surfactant and stabilizer in cellophane for food pkg. Regulatory FDA 21 CFR 177.1200 Trade Name Synonyms Sul-fon-ate OE-450 t[lntertrade Holdings] Texin OSS 50 [Cognis http //WWW. cognis. de]... 

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