Polymeric dyes applications

Stannic chloride is also used widely as a catalyst in Eriedel-Crafts acylation, alkylation and cycHzation reactions, esterifications, halogenations, and curing and other polymerization reactions. Minor uses are as a stabilizer for colors in soap (19), as a mordant in the dyeing of silks, in the manufacture of blueprint and other sensitized paper, and as an antistatic agent for synthetic fibers (see Dyes, application and evaluation Antistatic agents). 

Acetal formation, microwaves in, 76 557 Acetalization, of PVA, 25 602-603 Acetal polymerization, 74 271 Acetal resins, 70 183-185 Acetal resins, formaldehyde in, 72 122 Acetals, 2 64 70 529 aroma chemicals, 3 253 inorganic pigment applications, 7 372t organic pigment applications, 7 368t typical soluble dye applications, 7 376t Acetaminophen, 4 701. See also AT-Acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetaminophen)... 

Also aiming at biomedical applications are nanoscaled hydrogels, prepared in inverse miniemulsion. In crosslinked poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate) (POEOMA) nanogels hydrophilic dyes as the polymeric dye (rhodamine isothiocyanate (RITC) dextran) [41], rhodamine in combination with the drug doxorubicin [42] or gold nanoparticles with bovine serum albumin [43] could be encapsulated. 

Huang, C. Chen, K. Self-cnrable aqneons polymeric dyes for printing and dyeing applications. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006,100, 1919-1931. 

Jeon JR, Kim EJ, Murugesan K, Park HK, KimYM, Kwon JH, et al. Laccase-catalysed polymeric dye synthesis from plant-derived phenols for potential application in hair dyeing enzymatic colourations driven by homo- or hetero-polymer synthesis. Microb Biotechnol 2010 3 324-35. 

Table 3.3S Typical dyes applicable as dopants in polymeric charge generation systems.

Very varied applications have been proposed soil release properties of easy care cotton, assymetric solvents for the resolution of racemates and ligand exchange chromatography, " flame retardant properties, polymeric dyes which were reviewed by Marechal, chemical modification of surfaces, " chelating resins, photoresponsive polymers, " modification of polymers to alter or to remove unstable groups " and photoresists. " Chemical modification of telechelic oligomer end groups is of major importance to increase their reactivity and their selectivity. ... 

For the many applications of peroxodisulfate, the two most important are in etching printed circuits and in acrylonitrile polymerization. Other applications are wastewater treatment, dye oxidation, and fiber whitening. 

With further understanding how molecular rotors interact with their environment and with application-specific chemical modifications, a more widespread use of molecular rotors in biological and chemical studies can be expected. Ratiometric dyes and lifetime imaging will enable accurate viscosity measurements in cells where concentration gradients exist. The examination of polymerization dynamics benefits from the use of molecular rotors because of their real-time response rates. Presently, the reaction may force the reporters into specific areas of the polymer matrix, for example, into water pockets, but targeted molecular rotors that integrate with the matrix could prevent this behavior. With their relationship to free volume, the field of fluid dynamics can benefit from molecular rotors, because the applicability of viscosity models (DSE, Gierer-Wirtz, free volume, and WLF models) can be elucidated. Lastly, an important field of development is the surface-immobilization of molecular rotors, which promises new solid-state sensors for microviscosity [145]. 

Abstract Dye-doped polymeric micro- and nanobeads represent smart analytical tools that have become very popular recently. They enable noninvasive contactless sensing and imaging of various analytical parameters on a nanoscale and are also widely employed in composite sensing materials, in suspension arrays, and as labels. This contribution gives an overview of materials and techniques used for preparation of dye-doped polymeric beads. It also provides examples of bead materials and their applications for optical sensing and imaging. 

Dye-doped polymeric beads are commonly employed in different formats (Fig. 5), namely as water-dispersible nanosensors, labels and in composite materials (DLR-referenced and multianalyte sensors, sensor arrays, magnetic materials, etc.). The sensing properties of the dye-doped beads are of little or no relevance in some more specific materials, e.g., the beads intended for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The different formats and applications of the beads will be discussed in more detail in the following section, and the relative examples of sensing materials will be given. 

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