Earth, formation

Gamma rays of various energy are emitted by potassium-40, thorium, uranium, and the daughter products of these two last elements contained in the earth formations surrounding the borehole. These elements occur primarily in shales. The gamma rays reaching the borehole form a spectrum typical of each formation extending from a few keV to several MeV. 

R. Varadaraj. Polymer-surfactant fluids for decontamination of earth formations. Patent US 5614474,1997. 

CA 61, 8124(1964) (Satd soln of AN in liquid NH3 is pumped into drill holes and penetrates permeable earth layers. Shaped charge fuse is used for initiation. This method permits one to explode the total chge, because of the continuous distribution of expl in the earth formation)... 

Formates. — The simplest Tnowo-carboxylic acid is formic acid (HCOOH). Formate complexes have not been extensively investigated although Sakkar [353] has mentioned rare earth formates. The cerium group rare earths form spherulic formates which are hexagonal. This property is used to identify small amounts of these elements. These formates are prepared by dissolving freshly prepared rare earth hydroxides in formic acid. 

If the expl is buried deeper in the earth than its radius of rupture, there is then formed a roughly circular depression, known as camouflet, considerably greater in vol than the expl chge producing it. Soft, low-density soil is lifted, scoured, and blown away more easily than firm or rocky earth formation. An expln in soft, swampy ground produces a relativ ely huge crater... 

Hinson, F. R., Method and Apparatus for Treating an Earth Formation... 

Away from all this, but not too far, is a fossil bone fragment, buried in a two-million-year-old earth formation, which may have belonged to one of our purported ancestors , Homo habilis. Someone else contends that this was not H. habilis but rather H. erectus, pointing at the facial angle and the teeth. The discoverer again points at the... 

The same fractionation relationship between the terrestrial noble gases or Q and the solar noble gases suggests that the fractionation occurred in the early solar nebula, which seems to be the only likely locale for the observed severe and large-scale fractionation. This relation, in turn, suggests that the terrestrial noble gases were already fractionated before Earth formation. The latter inference is in perfect accordance with the fractionated solar primordial noble gases in the Earth, the conclusion discussed in Section 7.2. 

The specific model for Earth formation is the crucial assumption in this absorption scenario. If Earth formation proceeded in nebula-free space as was originally postulated by Safronov (1969) and henceforth advocated by various researchers (e.g., Levy Lunine, 1993), the absorption scenario must be abandoned. Also, the Mizuno model predicts that Ne as well as other noble gases in the mantle should have solar noble gas isotopic compositions. However, as we discussed in Chapter 5, the currently available observational data on mantle noble gases show nonsolar isotopic compositions, arguing against the Mizuno model. 

Methane, the most stable hydrocarbon, and some others, in the absence of oxidants can endure temperatures of 1000°C and higher. With some mantle and lower crustal rock porosity, gas law behavior would require that during planet earth formation and the long gradient-densification process, most of the primordial methane component (which) escaped oxidation, should have diffused upward to be trapped in the sedimentary crustal reservoirs and likewise for ethane and... 

Furmanova, N.G, Soboleva, L.V., Belov, N.V., and Belyaev, L.M. (1981) Crystal structure of erbium formate dihydrate. Isomorphism in a series of rare earth formate dihydrates. Kristallografiya, 26 (6), 1315-1317. 

Although Sr/ Sr isotopic evolution for the mantle is only poorly constrained at present, this system has tremendous potential for revealing details of cmst-formation processes through time as well as for providing precise timescales on Earth formation. The test of this awaits determination of accurate initial strontium isotopic compositions from Precambrian samples. The potential for acquisition of this type of data is high, as advances in techniques including both in situ measurements (e.g., Christiensen et al., 1996) and low-level solution work (e.g., Mueller et al., 2000) now allow precise determination of isotopic compositions from extremely small amounts (<10 g) of strontium. This ability makes feasible analyses of rare, relict high-strontium, low-mbidium phases which may be preserved within ancient rocks and minerals and may accurately record mantle compositions. 

Primordial isotopes are those trapped during Earth formation and are not nucleogenic. Only globally significant other sources are included. See Ballentine and Bumard (2002) for production rates and other nuclear production mechanisms. Various mechanisms supply He isotopes from space see Torgersen (1989) for compilation. The source of variations is within the solid Earth, but has not contributed significantly to the atmosphere. 

Carboxylate ions. Ions R-COO of carboxylic acids are symmetrical with two equal C-0 bonds (1 26 A) and O-C-0 bond angle in the range 125-130°. In sodium formate, for example, the ion is reported to have C-0, 1-27A, and O-C-0, 124 (4)°, and bond lengths close to 1-25A have been found in alkaline-earth formates. 

Irreversible decompositions alkali and alkaline earth formates and oxalates. 

Where this uniformitarian model is least likely to apply is early in Earth history. The mere existence of the core, separated from the mantle within 30 Myr of Earth formation (Chapters 2.14 and 2.15), along with evidence in atmospheric xenon for the decay products of short-lived I... 

The extent to which particular elements and isotopic ratios might be expected to be chondritic in the Earth s mantle is governed by the chemical behavior of that element during the early stages of Earth formation, as shown in Table 2.6. 

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