Polymer/surfactant systems

M. A. Alonso-Debolt and M. A. Jarrett. New polymer/surfactant systems for stabilizing troublesome gumbo shale. In Proceedings Volume, pages 699-708. SPE Int Petrol Conf of Mex (Veracruz, Mexico, 10/10-10/13), 1994. 

Hameed AAA, Jean N, Stephen O, Andy PM (2008) Improved single nucleotide polymorphisms detection using conjugated polymer/surfactant system and peptide nucleic acid. Biosens Bioelectron 23 1466-1472... 

Winnik FM, Regismond STA (1998) Fluorescence methods in the study of polymer-surfactant systems. In Kwak ICT (ed) Polymer-surfactant systems. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 267... 

Interactions between water vapor and amorphous pharmaceutical solids were evaluated using isothermal microcalorimetry. " The desorption of water from theophylline monohydrate has been investigated using microcalorimetric approaches.The properties of surfactants and surface-active drugs in solution were studied by Attwood et al. " using calorimetry, while titration microcalorimetry has been utilized to elucidate the nature of specific interactions in several pharmaceutical polymer-surfactants systems. " Drug decomposition was evaluated as a function of different... 

MIXED POLYMER-SURFACTANT SYSTEMS Bioadhesive Gels... 

The steadily growing interest in polymer-surfactant systems arises from their wide applications in painting, coating, inks, drug delivery, foodstuffs, cosmetic products, and oil recovery. In this respect, the physical properties of the binary system play an important role in determining the industrial products. 

P. Stilbs, Polymer-Surfactant Systems (Series Surfactant Science Series) (J. C. T. Kwak, ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998, 77, 239. 

The nonionic surfactant Ci2G2 is used in the experiments at a fixed concentration of 10 5 mol L 1 (O.lxcmc). The cationic hexadecyltrimethylammoni-um bromide (CieTAB) was recrystallized four times from 10 1 ethyl acetate-ethyl alcohol and used at a fixed concentration of 10-4 mol L-1 (O.lxcmc). Therefore, the surfactant concentration is always below the critical micelliza-tion concentration (cmc) and the critical aggregation concentration (cac) of the respective polymer/surfactant systems. 

B. Lindman and G. Karlstrom, Polymer-surfactant systems, in D.M. Bloor and E. Wyn-Jones (Eds.), The Structure, Dynamics and Equilibrium properties of Colloidal Systems. NATO ASI Series C 234,1989, pp. 131-147. 

Koetz, J., Beitz, T. and Tiersch, B. (1999) Self assembled polymer-surfactant systems. /. Disp. Set. Technol, 20, 139-163. 

JCT Kwak. Polymer-Surfactant Systems. New York Marcel Dekker, 1998. 

E Goddard, D., KP Ananthapadmanabhan. In Kwak JCT, ed. Polymer-Surfactant Systems. Surfactant Science Series, vol 77. New York Marcel Dekker, 1998 21-64. 

There is a lack of systematic experimental studies. Only on the basis of a large data base can further improvements in the theories be made. Thus, the more effective instruments and newly developed techniques should enable surface scientists to produce more systematic data. There is also a deficiency in respect to relaxation theories for polymers and mixed polymer/surfactant systems. First ideas about dilational properties of composite adsorption layers were published by Lucassen (1992). A theory has also been developed by Johnson Stebe (1994) to differentiate exchange of matter from dilational viscosity. This calls for new experimental developments. 

The balance of the many possible interactions in these MHAP produces unique rheological behavior (20-24, 27). Thus, the surfactant in the MHAP is an integral component of the polymer-surfactant system, serving a dual function of aiding the formation of the polymer architecture during polymerization as well as being reversible cross-link points in solution. 

Obviously many variables were not investigated, such as the effect of the type of nonionic surfactant, broader ranges of surfactant concentration, and broader ranges of monomer concentration. However, the results of this work are sufiBcient to demonstrate that the block copolymer architecture can be modified in MHAP by modifying the anionic surfactant concentration and type. These results have supported but not proved the block copolymer theory for this type of polymer-surfactant system. This model system is also a simple means of studying some aspects of mixed surfactant systems, an area of much current interest (e.g., ref 37). 

In the past 4-5 years, quite a number of relevant review articles and books have appeared. These included general reviews on NMR of polymers (1 10), reviews on solid state NMR (11-15), solid state multidimensional techniques (16-19), spatially resolved techniques (20), solid state NMR studies of polymer dynamics and structure (21), hydrated polymers (22), vulcanized elastomers (23), crosslinked polymers (24), and polymer networks (25), Reviews have also been written on polymer gels (26-28), polymer colloids (29), polymer-surfactant systems (30), and polymers on surfaces (31). 

These findings are confirmed by study of the thermodynamic parameters of mixing of the cured epoxy resin with OP-20. At 6-7% content of surfactant, corresponding to the maximum surface tension of the polymer, a kink and an area of decrease of the Flory-Huggins parameter are observed in the dependence of X2,s on the surfactant concentration. This anomalous dependence can be explained in terms of the rearrangement of the intermolecular bonds in the polymer-surfactant system. With ED-20 initial resin, there are no extrema on the curve. Alteration of the macromolecular conformation affects the supermolecular structure of the polymer. Adding surfactant to ED-20 resin changes the form and causes a noticeable decrease of the size of the polymeric supermolecular formations. 

Leontidis, E., Kyprianidou-Leodidou, T, Caseii, W, Robyr, R, Krumeich, R, and Kyri-acou, K. C. From Colloidal Aggregates to Layered Nanosized Structures in Polymer-Surfactant Systems. 1. Basic Phenomena. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 105(19), 4133 144(2001). 

A hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer (HM-polymer) can be viewed as a modified surfactant. It forms micelles, or hydrophobic microdomains, on its own at very low concentrations (intramolecularly, at infinite dilution) and these micelles can solubilize hydrophobic molecules. Furthermore, an HM-polymer and a surfactant in general have a strong tendency to form mixed micelles in a similar way as two surfactants. Two stoichiometries are important for HM-polymer-surfactant systems, i.e. the alkyl chain stoichiometry and the charge stoichiometry. 

For a mixed polymer-surfactant system, the behaviour is completely analogous. One difference is that the degree of polymerisation of a micelle, unlike a polymer, is not fixed but may vary with the conditions (temperature, electrolyte concentration, etc.), as we... 

Kabalnov, A., Lindman, B., Olsson, U., Piculell, L., Thuresson, K. and Wennerstrom, H., Microemulsions in amphiphilic and polymer-surfactant systems. Colloid Polym. ScL, 274, 297-308 (1996). 

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