Polyethoxylated alcohols

Marquez N, Bravo B, Ysambertt F, Chavez G, Subero N, Salager JL (2003) Analysis of Polyethoxylated Surfactants in Microemulsion-oil-water Systemas. Part III. Fractionation and Partitioning of Polyethoxylated Alcohol Surfactants. Anal Chim Acta 477 293-303... 

The above mentioned possibility for direct analysis of a mixture of migrants is shown in Fig. 15-7. In this case a mixture of oligomers was analyzed, representing polyethoxylated alcohols. A difference of 44 dalton between two consecutive ion-peaks represents a structure unit CH2-CH20-. 

Figure 15-7 Mass spectrum of a mixture of polyethoxylated alcohols obtained with the ESI-MS method.

In cases where clearness is desired, solubilizing agents are used to improve and stabilize the clarity of a shampoo. Typical clarifying agents include ethanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, and sorbitol. Phosphates and short-chain polyethoxylated alcohols and esters have also been used [63],... 

Tri ton DF-12 Surfactant Modified polyethoxylated alcohol nonionic (100% active) Union Carb... 

Spans (Span 20, Span 40, Span 60, Span 80), Tweens (Tween 20, Tween 80), cyclodextrins, lecithin, sodium dodecyl sulfate (sodium lauryl sulfate), polyethoxylated alcohols, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), Triton XlOO, Brij 721, bile salts (sodium deoxycholate, sodium cholate), methylbenzethonium chloride (Hyamine), and poloxamer 407. 

The polyethoxylated alcohols in household use have an average ethylene oxide (EO) content of less than 3 to about 15 mol/mol of alcohol. Ethoxylation gives a broad range of products for example, in a material with an average of three EO units, some of the molecules may have as many as 12 or 14 EO units and others exist as the free alcohol. This gives the effect of a mixed surfactant system. The polyethoxylated alcohols are also used directly as nonionic surfactants. 

Polyethoxylated alcohols. This class of surfactant can be ionised from glycerol or thioglycerol. In the presence of sodium ions the dominant species are (C H2 + iO(C2H40) H)Na. Sodium salts may be added to the FAB matrix to promote the formation of this type of ion. In flow FAB using methanol-water as mobile phase, (C H2 + i0(C2H40) H)H" ions are formed. The typical ion series for this class of surfactants is... 

Table 12.2 Mass-to-charge ratios for ions formed by cation attachment to polyethoxylated alcohols, M = (C H2 +,0(C2H40)3,H)...

Ethoxylated methylcarboxylates Propoxyethoxy glyceryl sulfonate Alkylpropoxyethoxy sulfate as surfactant, xanthan, and a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CME) Polyethylene oxide (PEG) as a sacrificial adsorbate Polyethylene glycols, propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl sulfates Mixtures of sulfonates and nonionic alcohols Combination of lignosulfonates and fatty amines Alkyl xylene sulfonates, polyethoxylated alkyl phenols, octaethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether, and tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride Anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TTAC), nonionic pentadecylethoxylated nonylphenol (NP-15), and nonionic octaethylene glycol N-dodecyl ether Dimethylalkylamine oxides as cosurfactants and viscosifiers (N-Dodecyl)trimethylammonium bromide Petrochemical sulfonate and propane sulfonate of an ethoxylated alcohol or phenol Petrochemical sulfonate and a-olefin sulfonate... 

Many other products can be used as softeners but are less important commercially because of greater cost and/or inferior properties. Examples are anionic surfactants such as long-chain (C16-C22) alkyl sulphates, sulphonates, sulphosuccinates and soaps. These have rather low substantivity and are easily washed out. Nonionic types of limited substantivity and durability, usually applied by padding, include polyethoxylated derivatives of long-chain alcohols, acids, glycerides, oils and waxes. They are useful where ionic surfactants would pose compatibility problems and they exhibit useful antistatic properties, but they are more frequently used as lubricants in combination with other softeners, particularly the cationics. 

Commercially, the most important non-ionic surfactants (APEOs and AEOs) are amphipathic molecules consisting of a hydrophilic (ethylene oxide chains of various length) and a hydrophobic (alkyl phenols, fatty acids, long chain linear alcohols, etc.) part. The polyethoxylated... 

Pig. 5.1.21. Proposed biodegradation pathways for aliphatic alcohol polyethoxylates under aerobic conditions (taken from Ref. [137]). With permission from Analusis., by EDP Sciences, 1997. 

Organic chemicals that are susceptible to oxidation and are of concern from the perspective of contamination and environmental degradation include aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones phenols, polyphenols, and hydroquinones sulfides (thiols) and sulfoxides nitriles, amines, and diamines nitrogen and sulfur heterocyclic compounds mono- and di-halogenated aliphatics linear alkybenzene-sulfonate and nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants and thiophosphate esters. Table... 

Paclitaxel injection containing alcohol and polyethoxylated castor oil may deplete diethylhexyl phthalate from plastic sets.227... 

Important classes of nonionic surfactants are aliphatic poly-ethoxylate alcohols (AEO), and octyl or nonyl phenol polyethoxylates (OPEO and NPEO). The alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO) attracted special attention due to their supposedly endocrine disrupting properties (Ch. 8.3). LC-MS analysis may also involve nonylphenolethoxycarboxylates (NPEC), biodegradation products of NPEO, and halogenated analogues, generated in chlorine disinfection treatments in drinking water production plants. 

Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are nonionic surfactants produced by the polyethoxylation of linear fatty alcohols. Products tend to be mixtures of polymers of slightly varying molecular weights and the numbers used to describe polymer lengths are average values. 

A similar correlation was reported for systems containing non-ionic surfactants of the polyethoxylated alkylphenol or alcohol type [25]. 

In these expressions, S is the salinity of the aqueous phase (in wt.% NaCl) and In S its neperian logarithm, ACN is the alkane carbon number which characterises the oil phase, cr is a characteristic parameter of the anionic or cationic surfactant which increases linearly with the length of the lipophilic tail, as well as a which is characteristic of the lipophilic group of non-ionic surfactants, EON is the average number of ethylene oxide groups per polyethoxylated surfactant molecule and T is the temperature, k, b, a-x and ct are constants which depend on the kind of system particularly the surfactant head group and electrolyte nature [23-25]. For ethoxylated non-ionics, the characteristic parameter (3 = a - EON is sometimes introduced./(A) and < >(A) are function of the alcohol type and concentration which could be written in first approximation as... 

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