Aliphatic poly

In a recent work of Haneda et al. [26], ACPC was reacted with several poly-diols poly(ethylene adipate), poly(tetramethyleneadipate), poly(caprolactone), aliphatic poly(carbonate) to prepare various polyazoesters. 

The activation energy of thermolysis of the azo group was measured by DSC [14]. Type II MAIs, which are composed of various prepolymers such as aliphatic polyester, poly(caprolactone), and aliphatic poly (carbonate), showed almost the same activation energy irrespective of difference in prepolymer structure, suggesting that the neighboring group only affects the active site. 

Hie most representative member of this class of polyesters is the low-molar-mass (M 1000-3000) hydroxy-terminated aliphatic poly(2,2/-oxydiethylene adipate) obtained by esterification between adipic acid and diethylene glycol. This oligomer is used as a macromonomer in the synthesis of polyurethane elastomers and flexible foams by reaction with diisocyanates (see Chapter 5). Hydroxy-terminated poly(f -caprolactonc) and copolyesters of various diols or polyols and diacids, such as o-phthalic acid or hydroxy acids, broaden the range of properties and applications of polyester polyols. 

Many aliphatic poly(amides), more commonly known as nylons, exhibit an unusual phase transition below their melting point. First noted by Brill [122], the phenomenon has been studied extensively [128-131]. It is observed for instance in nylon (6,6) at a temperature of about 210°C, when the stable low-temperature triclinic oc phase of the crystalline polymer changes to a pseudo-hexagonal phase. 

Aliphatic iodine derivatives, 14 376 Aliphatic ketones, 14 563, 571, 581-585 reactions of, 16 331-332 Aliphatic monothiopolyesters, 23 739 Aliphatic nitration, 12 187 Aliphatic peroxyacids, 13 464 Aliphatic peroxycarboxylic acids, 18 463 Aliphatic phosphines, 19 60 Aliphatic polyamides (PA), 10 207-210 19 713, 739. See also Aromatic polyamides PA entries producers of, 10 210 properties of, 10 208, 209t Aliphatic polycarbonates, 24 703 preparation of, 19 798 Aliphatic polyketones (PK), 10 197 costs of, 10 222 properties of, 10 198t Aliphatic poly(monosulfide)s, 23 702-704 Aliphatic polyphosphonate dyes, 9 480 Aliphatic poly(polysulfide)s, 23 711 Aliphatic polysulfides, 23 734 Aliphatic polysulfoxides, 23 733 miscibility of, 23 735 Aliphatic polyurea preparation, carbonyl sulfide in, 23 625... 

Properties Short-chain aliphatic poly amine Oxyalkylated short-chain poly amine Long-chain polyamine adduct Aromatic poly amine adduct Polyamide... 

Aliphatic poly(ether-ester)s are more flexible because of the presence of ether linkages. Poly(l,4-dioxan-2-one) is a crystalline polymer with a tensile strength and elasticity similar to those of human tissue. Poly(e-CL) and poly(DXO) resemble each other in their chemical architecture, but poly(e-CL) is semicrystalline while poly(DXO) is an amorphous polymer with a Tg of about -37 °C. 

The aliphatic poly(ether lactonejs are a group of synthetic polymers with high elasticity and high tissue absorptivity [293]. The ether function in the polymer backbone adds flexibility to the ester chain. Ring-opening polymerization of l,4-dioxan-2-one yields an elastic polymer, polydioxanone, with a tensile strength similar to that of human tissue [294]. Polydioxanone has been successfully used to prepare monofilament sutures, with a flexibility superior to that of PGA sutures [294]. Recently, the lipase-catalyzed polymerization of polydioxanone was demonstrated [295]. 

The meaning of the symbols is the following (A) , Aliphatic poly(oxides) O, Aliphatic poly(sulphides) ... 

Aliphatic poly(disulfides) A, Aliphatic poly (carbonates) , Aliphatic poly(anhydrides) , Aliphatic poly (di-esters) , Aliphatic poly(sulphones) O, Poly(terephthaIates). (B) , Aliphatic poly(lactams) O, Aliphatic poly (di-amides) , Aliphatic poly(di-urethanes) A, Aliphatic poly(di-urea) , Aliphatic poly(terephthala-mides) , Polyfxylylene diamides) and Polyfphenylene diethylene diamides). 

FIG. 6.7 Ym as a function of the number of -CH2- groups in the main chain. The meaning of the symbols is the following (A) , Aliphatic poly(oxides) O, Aliphatic poly(sulphides) A, Aliphatic poly(carbonates) ... 

Aliphatic poly amines. These are low-viscosity materials with high reactivity and fast cure at ambient temperatures. The basic reaction of aliphatic amines with epoxy resin is shown in Figure 2.7. 

Figure 3.56. UV spectra of an aliphatic poly silane demonstrating bleaching and blue shifting. Reproduced with permission from reference 192. Copyright 1984 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.)...

Important classes of nonionic surfactants are aliphatic poly-ethoxylate alcohols (AEO), and octyl or nonyl phenol polyethoxylates (OPEO and NPEO). The alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO) attracted special attention due to their supposedly endocrine disrupting properties (Ch. 8.3). LC-MS analysis may also involve nonylphenolethoxycarboxylates (NPEC), biodegradation products of NPEO, and halogenated analogues, generated in chlorine disinfection treatments in drinking water production plants. 

Li SM, Garreau H, Vert M. Structure-property relationships in the case of the degradation of massive aliphatic poly-(a-hydroxy acids) in aqueous media. Part 1 Poly(d/-lactic acid). / Mater Sci Mater Med 1990 1 130-139. 

Numerous studies have been performed on thermal stability and on pyrolysis of aliphatic poly(amides) [1-12], etc.. Similarly to other classes of polymers, there is a considerable difference in the thermal stability of the polymers with aliphatic segments in their backbone and those with aromatic groups. The compounds containing aliphatic segments decompose at lower temperatures, and it is not uncommon that in addition to the cleavage of other bonds, the C- bonds also are split. On the other hand, the aromatic rings are very resistant to thermal decomposition. The thermal decomposition of aliphatic poly(amides) was studied in connection to various practical purposes, such as the resistance of fibers to fire. Some information on thermal decomposition of aliphatic poly(amides) is summarized in Table 13.3.1 [13]. 

Table 13.3.1. Summary regarding literature information on thermal decomposition of aliphatic poly(amides) [13].

PBO is an aromatic-aliphatic poly ether produced from the condensation of the sodium salt of 2-(2-butoxy ethoxy jelhanol and the chloromethyl derivative of hydrogenated safrole. 

Yang, J. Hao, Q. Liu, X. Ba, C. Cao, A. Novel biodegradable aliphatic poly(butylene succinate-co-cyclic carbonate)s with functionalizable carbonate building blocks. 1. Chemical synthesis and their structural and physical characterization. Biomacromolecules 2004, 5 (1), 209-218. 

The melting points of aliphatic poly (thiol esters) (Figures 2 and 3) lie below that of polyethylene (143°C) and tend to increase with... 

The synthesis of aliphatic poly(carbonate-co-ester)s with about 1 1 molar ratio of the ester-to-carbonate repeat units was reported by CALB-catalyzed transesterification among diethyl carbonate, a diester, and a diol. Molecular weight Mw values reached 59000 at a reaction temperature of 90 °C. A carbonate-ester transesterification reaction between poly(butylene carbonate) and poly(butylene succinate) was also catalyzed by CALB at 95 °C to result in a block copolymer [57]. 

S. (2005) Preparation of aliphatic poly(thioester) by the lipase-catalyzed direct polycondensation of... 

Jiang, Y., Liu, C., and Gross, R.A. (2008) Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of aliphatic poly(carbonate-co-esters). Macromolecules, 41 (13), 4671-4680. 

Fourier-Transform Raman Spectroscopy (FTR) was used to characterize a homologous series of aliphatic poly(anhydrides), poly(carboxyphenoxy)al-kanes, and copolymers of carboxyphenoxy propane (CPP) and sebacic acid. All anhydrides show two diagnostic carbonyl bands, the aliphatic polymers has the carbonyl pairing at 1803/1739 cm 1, and the aromatic polymers have the band pair at 1764 and 1712 cm -1. All the homo- and copolymers showed methylene bands due to deformation, stretching, rocking and twisting the spectra for the... 

The aliphatic poly-l,3,4-oxadiazoles are made by a similar process by the thermal reaction of the polyhydrazides. 

Polymers which undergo radiation degradation on exposure to radiation are also important commercially. The best-known example is the group of polymers used as positive resist materials in electron beam microlithography. These include aliphatic poly(sulfone)s and poly(methacrylate)s. Finally, an understanding of the radiation chemistry of polymers is essential for their application in environments where they are exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation, for example in the nuclear and space industries. 

A. Welle, M. Kroger, M. Dbring, K. Niederer, E. Pindel, and I. S. Chronakis, Electrospun aliphatic poly(carbonate)s nanofibers as tailored tissue scaffold materials. Biomater., 28, 2211-2219 (2007). 

The crosslinking temperature of aliphatic poly(isocyanate)s, based on 1,6-hexane diisocyanate, which are blocked with equimolar quantities of diisopropylamine and 1,2,4-triazole is 139°C, without the addition of any catalyst. Aliphatic poly(isocyanate)s, which are bloeked with equimolar quantities of diisopropylamine and malonic acid diethyl ester have a cross-linking temperature of 130°C. °... 

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