Injection containers

Many drugs are administered as parenterals for speed of action because the patient is unable to take oral medication or because the drug is a macromolecule such as a protein that is unable to be orally absorbed intact due to stability and permeability issues. The U.S. Pharmacopoeia defines parenteral articles as preparations intended for injection through the skin or other external boundary tissue, rather than through the alimentary canal. They include intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injections. Intravenous injections are classified as small volume (<100 mL per container) or large volume (>100 mL per container) injections. The majority of parenteral dosage forms are supplied as ready-to-use solutions or reconstituted into solutions prior to administration. Suspension formulations may also be used,101 although their use is more limited to a subcutaneous (i.e., Novolin Penfill NOVO Nordisk) or intramuscular (i.e., Sandostatin LAR Depot Novartis) injection. Intravenous use of disperse systems is possible but limited (i.e., Doxil Injection Ortho Biotec). 

The surface properties of solutions containing injectable amiodarone are altered such that the drop size may be reduced. This reduction may lead to underdosage of the patient by up to 30%. If drop counter infusion sets are used, amiodarone must be delivered by a volumetric infusion pump. 

Where I is the initial amount (g) of excipient in the solution, Wc is the weight of the container (g), Fs is the solution volume (L), and E, is the equilibrium partitioning constant, the ratio of the concentration of solute in the film to that in water, at equilibrium (66). This can be calculated from the more familiar, and referenced, solvent solvent partition coefficients. Plastics and rubber stoppers can also leach stabilizers and plasticizers into the contained injection volume. The extent of this can be calculated by considering the same factors described above. 

Amsacrine Amsacrine is incompatible with sodium chloride mixtures and glucose-containing injections with acyclovir sodium, ganciclovir sodium, aztreonam, amphotericin, cimetidine hydrochloride, ceftazidime, frusemide, ceftriaxone sodium, heparin sodium, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, metoclopramide hydrochloride, and some antineoplastics.204 Asparaginase is incompatible with many drugs and rubber, and should be stored at 2° to 8 °C for stability. 

PLA is also used for thermoformed trays and containers. Injection stretch blow moulded bottles and jars for short-shelf-life applications that use cold-filling techniques for contents such as still water, fresh juices, dairy beverages and edible oil is also a potentially interesting market for PLA. 

Takada, S. Uda, Y. Toguchi, H. Ogawa, Y. Application of a spray drying technique in the production of TRH-containing injectable sustained-release microparticles of biodegradable polymers. PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol. 1995, 49 (4), 180-184. 

Several reports have highlighted the importance of gelatin allergy in young children, with some deaths due to anaphylaxis. Elsewhere, anaphylactoid reactions have been reported to gelatin-containing injectables (SEDA-20, 310). 

Although both processes can produce reasonably good quality large containers, injection stretch blow moulding is more widely used for pharmaceutical containers. The first stage of moulding is basically as injection blow moulding. In the second... 

PET staple fiber, filaments, non-wovens (Section 6.11.3), insulating fiber fills, carpets, strapping, sheet, films, non-food contact containers, injection moldings, large moldings, and engineering resins. 

Three of the odorants (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and trl-methylamlne) were gases. Their dilutions were prepared In thick wall collapsible 18-L containers. Injecting by syringe the needed amount of the odorant gas and filling with air. The dilutions were prepared one day before their use, to allow time for a stabilization after adsorption on the walls. The diluted vapors were then supplied to the mixture olfactometer by a peristaltic pump. 

An example of calculating the limits for endotoxins A morphine containing injection solution with the strength of 100 mg/5 mL has been prepared. Because the product will be administered parenterally a bacterial endotoxins test has to be performed. Therefore the administration route has to be known is this intravenous or intrathecal or epidural. For endotoxins in intravenous administration the requirement is maximally 5 EU/kg body weight during 1 h. Based on a body weight of 70 kg this means 350 EU/h. Secondly the maximal dose (in volume of the product per hour) will determine the actual limit. This depends on the need of the patient as well. If he needs the full 5 mL, this makes the requirement for the product to be 350 EU/5 mL = 70 EU/mL. 

Polymers are nsed in fnel cells. Those of particular interest are the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and the phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) designs. The latter design contains the liquid phosphoric acid in a Teflon bonded silicon carbide matrix. In March 2005 Ticona reported that it had bnilt the first fnel cell prototype made solely with engineering thermoplastics. They claimed that this approach rednced the cost of the fuel by at least 50% when compared with fuel cells fabricated from other materials. The 17-cell unit contains injection moulded bipolar plates of Vectra liquid crystal polymer and end plates of Fortron polyphenylene sulfide (PPS). These two materials remain dimensionally stable at temperatures up to 200 "C. The Vectra LCP bipolar plates contain 85% powdered carbon and are made in a cycle time of 30 seconds. 

Figure 6-29. A collapsible HDPE (Petrothene LY 656, from Quantum Chemical) foam shipping container injected molded by the J.I.T. Corp. of Southfield, Michigan. This is 114 cm x 122 cm X 86 cm (45 in. x 48 in. x 34 in.) high. It holds and delivers. 85 m (30 cu. ft.) of materials, but on the return it takes only. 28 m (10 cu. ft.), because of its plastic mechanical hinges and latches. Stacked three high, they can hold 1.8 metric tons (4,000 lbs.) in a shipping mode.

A decrease in the viscosity of plasma following induction of anaesthesia with Cremophor-containing injectables has been reported [135] the effect persisting for 50 min (Fig. 10.19). This is not reckoned to be due to the sedative or... 

Repeated use of Cremophor EL-containing injections in animals has given rise to abnormal plasma lipid patterns [141]. Triton WR-1339 and linear non-ionic surface-active agents produce lipaemia associated with an increase in blood cholesterol and stripping of lipids from the adrenal cortex [142]. 

Tables 23.3 and 23.4 show Legionella inactivation with electrolyzed DI water and electrolyzed tap water, both containing injected sodium chloride. Comparing these data, the inactivation behavior was similar, despite chloride concentrations that differed by more than a factor of two. With a comparison at a current density of 50 mA cm the oxidant levels were also differed by more than a factor of two. This suggests that not only hypochlorite is active but also one or more other disinfectants are generated in tap water electrolysis. 

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