Polyethoxylated castor oil

Cremophore EL Cremophore EL, a polyethoxylated castor oil used as a vehicle in various intravenous injections, has also been found to enhance the intraocular penetration of the drugs. Bijl et al. [83] reported that for Cremophore EL (10% and 20%), flux values of cyclosporine A across the fresh cornea were significantly higher than for corneal tissue without the enhancer for the first 16 h of the experiment. Steady-state flux rates were reached for cyclosporine A across the corneal tissue after approximately 2 h in the presence of 10% and 20% Cremophore EL. This observation can probably be explained on the basis of increased aqueous solubility of cyclosporine A in the presence of this emulsifier. Cremophore EL also improved the penetration of cyclosporine A through the epithelial and stromal layers of the cornea [83],... 

Paclitaxel injection containing alcohol and polyethoxylated castor oil may deplete diethylhexyl phthalate from plastic sets.227... 

Abraxane is a successful paradigm of nanoparticle application. It is an albumin nanoparticle loading paclitaxel developed by American Pharmaceutical Partners (APP) and American BioScience. The outstanding advantage of Abraxane is no significant side effects, not like the traditional paclitaxel preparation with Cremo-phor EL (polyethoxylated castor oil) and ethanol. More nanoparticle products will reach the market in the future. 

Cremophor EL, Etocas 35, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxyethylene 35 castor oil. 

Polyethoxylated castor oils Warning for parenterals only — hypersensitivity, drop in blood pressure, inadequate circulation, dyspnea, hot flushes... 

Alfadolone and alfaxolone are two steroid anesthetics that were used in combination. However, the mixture has been withdrawn because of safety considerations regarding the solvent used, polyethoxylated castor oil (Cremophor EL), which can cause non-IgE-mediated anaphylactic (anaphylactoid) reactions (SED-10,189) (1). 

When the sesame oil vehicle in beta-artemotil was replaced by Cremophor (polyethoxylated castor oil) the total exposure in rats was 2.7-fold higher, owing to increased systemic availability (34). Anorexia and gastrointestinal toxicity from artemotil in sesame oil were significantly more severe than with artemotil in Cremophor. However, histological examination of the brain showed neurotoxic changes, which were worse with the castor oil formulation. 

Topical miconazole is well tolerated. Parenteral administration carries a higher frequency of adverse effects, some probably being caused by Cremophor (polyethoxylated castor oil, the carrier). Adverse effects include fever, chills, pruritus, rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hjrpona-tremia, cardiac toxicity, phlebitis, hyperhpidemia, and central nervous system disturbances. Hypersensitivity reactions can occur. Tumor-inducing effects have not been reported. 

The recommendation that prolongation of the international normalized ratio (INR) to over 6.0 should be corrected vvith parenteral phytomenadione (24,25) is not accompanied by the caveat that the intravenous route entails the risk of life-threatening, non-IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions and even death, due to the use of polyethoxylated castor oil (Cremophor EL) as a solvent (26). A severe reaction to intravenous phytomenadione has been reported (27). 

Polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives are complex mixtures of various hydrophobic and hydrophilic components. Members within each range have different degrees of ethoxylation (moles)/PEG units as indicated by their numerical sufffix ( ). The chemical structures of the polyethoxylated hydrogenated castor oils are analogous to polyethoxylated castor oils with the exception that the double bond in the fatty chain has been saturated by hydrogenation. 

Castor oil POE-35 Cremophor EL Cremophor ELP Etocas 35 glycerol polyethyleneglycol ricinoleate PEG-35 castor oil polyethoxylated castor oil polyoxyethylene 35 castor oil. 

Paclitaxel has very limited solubility and must be administered in a vehicle of 50% ethanol and 50% polyethoxylated castor oil (CREMOPHOR EL), a formation likely responsible for a high rate of hypersensitivity reactions. Patients receiving this formulation are protected by pretreatment with a histamine Hj receptor antagonist such as diphenhydramine, an receptor antagonist such as cimetidine fsee Chapter 24), and a glucocorticoid such as dexamethasone (see Chapter 59). Docetaxel, which is somewhat more soluble, is administered in polysorbate 80 and causes a lower incidence of hypersensitivity reactions. Pretreatment with dexamethasone is required to prevent progressive, and often disabling, fluid retention. 

Paclitaxel clearance is nonlinear and decreases with increasing dose or dose rate, possibly related to its dissolution in the vehicle of 50% ethanol and 50% polyethoxylated castor oil, and the nonlinearity of concentrations of the diluent. In studies of 96-hour infusion of 35 mg/nf/day, the presence of hepatic metastases >2 cm in diameter decreased clearance and led to high drug concentrations in plasma and greater myelosuppression. Paclitaxel disappears from the plasma compartment with a tj of 10-14 hours and a clearance of 15-18 L/hour/nP. The critical plasma concentration for inhibiting bone marrow elements depends on duration of exposure, but likely is in the range of 50-100 nM. 

An anaphylactic reaction to polyethoxylated castor oil, confirmed by intradermal testing, was reported in a woman who had been intravenously administered cyclosporine with a vehicle of polyethoxylated castor oil (Ebo et al. 2001). 

Salfan is an injectable anaesthetic for use in cats although it has also been used in other small animals. In cats, it may produce oedema of the ears and paws following a dmini stra ti on. 445 However, the most serious effects were laryngeal and pulmonary oedema which were occasionally severe and resulted in the deaths of affected cats. " This appears to be due to the release of histamine or a histamine-like substance caused by the solubilising agent Cre-mophor EL, a polyethoxylated castor oil derivative used in the formulation. 

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