Polycyclic soils

Multi method analyses of polycyclic soil profiles provide the detailed knowledge which is necessary to fully understand time development of soil patterns in areas which are strongly affected by human land use. The combination of traditional soil survey techniques (soil classification, soil mapping), pollen analyses, micromorphology and soil dating techniques (14Q OSL) makes it possible to date major changes in geo-ecological evolution. 

The performance of microwave-assisted decomposition of most difficult samples of organic and inorganic natures in combination with the microwave-assisted solution preconcentration is illustrated by sample preparation of carbon-containing matrices followed by atomic spectroscopy determination of noble metals. Microwave-assisted extraction of most dangerous contaminants, in particular, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, from soils have been developed and successfully used in combination with polarization fluoroimmunoassay (FPIA) and fluorescence detection. 

Lagadec AJM, DJ Miller, AV Lilke, SB Hawthorne (2000) Pilot-scale subcritical water remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon- and pesticide-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 34 1542-1548. 

Aitken MD, WT Stringfellow, RD Nagel, C Kazuga, S-H Chen (1998) Characteristics of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria isolated from soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Can J Microbiol 44 143-152. 

Deziel E, G Paquette, R Villemur, F Lepine, J-G Bisaillon (1996) Biosurfactant production by a soil Pseudomonas strain growing on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 1908-1912. 

Richnow HH, A Eschenbach, B Mahro, R Seifert, P Wehrnng, P Albrecht, W Michaelis (1998) The nse of Relabelled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for the analysis of their transformation in soil. Chemosphere 36 2211-2224. 

Aprill W, RC Sims (1990) Evaluation of the use of prairie grasses for stimulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon treatment in soil. Chemosphere 20 253-265. 

Deschenes L, P Lafrance, J-P Villeneuve, R Samson (1996) Adding sodium dodecyl sulfate and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 biosurfactants inhibits polycyclic hydrocarbon biodegradation in a weathered creosote-contaminated soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 46 638-646. 

Allen CCR, DR Boyd, F Hempenstall, MJ Larkin, ND Sharma (1999) Contrasting effects of a nonionic surfactant on the biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to cw-dihydrodiols by soil hacierva.. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 1335-1339. 

Andersson BE, S Lundstedt, K Tornberg, Y Schniirer, LG Oberg, B Mattiasson (2003) Incomplete degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil inoculated with wood-rotting fungi and their effect on the indigenous soil bacteria. Environ Toxicol Chem 22 1238-1243. 

Andersson BE, T Henrysson (1996) Accumulation and degradation of dead-end metabolites during treratment of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with five strains of white-rot fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 46 647-652. 

Kastner M, M Breuer-Jammali, B Mahro (1998) Impact of inocnlnm protocols, salinity, and pH on the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and survival of PAH-degrading bacteria introduced into soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 359-362. 

Madsen T, P Kristensen (1997) Effects of bacterial inoculation and nonionic surfactants on degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 16 631-637. 

Potin O, C Rafin, E Veignie (2004) Bioremediation of an aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soil by filamentous fungi isolated from the soil. Int Biodet Biodeg 54 45-52. 

Tiehm A, M Stieber, P Werner, FM Frimmel (1997) Surfactant-enhanced mobilization and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in manufactured gas plant soil. Environ Sci Technol 31 2570-2576. 

Vinas M, 1 Sabate, Ml Espuny, AM Solanas (2005) Bacterial community dynamics and polycyclic aromatic hdrocarbon degradation during bioremediation of heavily creosote-contaminated soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 7008-7018. 

Baldrian, P., der Wiesche, C., Gabriel, J., Nerud, E, and Zadrazil, F., Influence of cadmium and mercury on activities of ligninolytic enzymes and degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pleurotus ostreatus in soil, Appl Environ Microbiol, 66 (6), 2471-2478, 2000. 

Bioventing technology was developed by the U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory to treat soil contaminated by numerous industrial wastes, which is subjected to aerobic microbial degradation, especially to promote the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.65 It uses a series of air injection probes, each of which is attached to a low-pressure air pump. The air pump operates at extremely low pressures to allow the inflow of oxygen without volatilization of contaminants. Additional additives such as ozone or nutrients may also be supplied to stimulate microbial growth.77... 

Table 1 Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in ambient air, soil, and human samples collected from e-waste recycling and reference sites in China... 

Mangas E, Vaquero MT, Comllas L, Broto-Puig F (1998) Analysis and fate of aliphatic hydrocarbons, linear alkylbenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge-amended soils. Chemosphere 36 61-72... 

Chemicals degraded by WRF include pesticides such as organochlorines DDT and its very toxic metabolite DDE [8, 9] and organophosphate pesticides such as chlorpyrifos, fonofos and terbufos [10] polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of different degrees of chlorine substitution [11-13], some even to mineralization [14, 15] diverse polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in liquid media and from contaminated soils or in complex mixtures such as creosote [16-18] components of munition wastes including TNT and its metabolites DNT [19-23], nitroglycerin [24] and RDX [25]. 

Chiou C, McGrody S, Kile D (1998) Partition characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soils and sediments. Environ Sci Technol 1998 264-269... 

Coover, M.P., Sims, R.C.C. (1987) The effects of temperature on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon persistence in an unacclimated agricultural soil. Haz. Waste Haz. Mat. 4, 69-82. 

Krauss, M., Wilcke, W. (2001) Predicting soil-water partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls by desorption with methanol-water mixtures at different temperatures. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2319-2325. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons together with other xenobiotics are a major source of contamination in soil, and their correct degradation is of great environment importance. 

The NO + 03 chemiluminescent reaction [Reactions (1-3)] is utilized in two commercially available GC detectors, the TEA detector, manufactured by Thermal Electric Corporation (Saddle Brook, NJ), and two nitrogen-selective detectors, manufactured by Thermal Electric Corporation and Antek Instruments, respectively. The TEA detector provides a highly sensitive and selective means of analyzing samples for A-nitrosamines, many of which are known carcinogens. These compounds can be found in such diverse matrices as foods, cosmetics, tobacco products, and environmental samples of soil and water. The TEA detector can also be used to quantify nitroaromatics. This class of compounds includes many explosives and various reactive intermediates used in the chemical industry [121]. Several nitroaromatics are known carcinogens, and are found as environmental contaminants. They have been repeatedly identified in organic aerosol particles, formed from the reaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with atmospheric nitric acid at the particle surface [122-124], The TEA detector is extremely selective, which aids analyses in complex matrices, but also severely limits the number of potential applications for the detector [125-127],... 

Berset JD, Ejem M, Holzer R, Lischer P (1999) Comparison of different drying, extraction and detection techniques for the determination of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in background contaminated soil samples. Anal Chim Acta 383(3) 263-275... 

In another AT study, Terrado et al. [15] characterised pollution patterns in different parts of the Ebro catchment. In the upper part of the Ebro, pollution was found to be mainly in the form of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd and Hg), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and trichlorobenzenes (TCBs). Etrophic conditions were also found. Pollution was found to source mainly from industry and urbanisation. The central Ebro was characterised by nutrient pollution such as the accumulation of Ca, Na, Mg and K, which highlighted the importance of salinisation effects from intensive irrigation and soils with high salt content. In the lower Ebro, organic [DDTs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorobutadiene (HCBu)] and heavy metal (Hg, Cd, Zn and As) contamination was found to derive mainly from industrial and agricultural activities. 

Blumer, M., Youngblood, W. W., Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils and Recent Sediments, Science, 188, 53 (1975). 

Heit, M. 1985. The relationship of a coal fired power plant to the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the sediment of Cayuga Lake. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 24 41-61. 

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