Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs in soil

Fig. 2.21. Comparison of measured levels and sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and sediments from the various sites, in South Korea (a) soil (n = 226), (b) freshwater (n = 81), (c) brackish (n = 11), and (d) marine sediments (n = 159). Range indicates minimum (min), maximum (max), and arithmetic mean (avg.). Dotted lines represent SQGs of effect range low (ERL) and effect range median (ERM) for total PAHs (Long et al., 1995).

Wilcke, W. (2000). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil-a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 163, 229-48. 

Zheng, Z. Obbard, J. P. (2001). Effect of non-ionic surfactants on elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil-slurry by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 76, 423-9. 

In respect to the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, it can be seen in Fig. 2.2, that these elutions show extraction yields of usual extraction procedures in most cases. Concerning the latter, the two methods selected are indicated as "DMT" (Deutsche Montan Technologie) and "LUFA" (Landesuntersuchungsanstalt fiir Forstwirtschaft und Ackerbau) methods in Fig.2.2. Both these methods are based on acetone extractions and are frequently used in Northrhine Westfalia, Germany. 

Chemicals degraded by WRF include pesticides such as organochlorines DDT and its very toxic metabolite DDE [8, 9] and organophosphate pesticides such as chlorpyrifos, fonofos and terbufos [10] polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of different degrees of chlorine substitution [11-13], some even to mineralization [14, 15] diverse polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in liquid media and from contaminated soils or in complex mixtures such as creosote [16-18] components of munition wastes including TNT and its metabolites DNT [19-23], nitroglycerin [24] and RDX [25]. 

Heit, M. 1985. The relationship of a coal fired power plant to the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the sediment of Cayuga Lake. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 24 41-61. 

Tang, L., Tang, X.Y., Zhu, Y.G., Zheng, M.H., Miao, Q.L., 2005. Contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils in Beijing, China. Environ. Int. 

Microwave-assisted extractions (MAE) can be performed in open (focused MAE) or closed (pressurized MAE) flasks. This technique is commonly used for extractions from complex and difficult sample matrices, replacing time- and solvent-intensive Soxhlet extractions or hydrodistillations.46 MAE is also widely applied to environmental samples, for example, for extracting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from soil, methylmercury from sediments, and trace metals and pesticide residues from plant material47 48 The use of microwave treatment instead of hydrodistillation offers a solvent-free separation technique essential oils are heated and dry-distilled 46... 

Antizar-Ladislao, B., Lopez-Real, J., and Beck, A.J. 2006. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an aged coal tar contaminated soil under in-vessel composting conditions. Environment Pollution, 141 459-68. 

Lii XX, Song JM, Li XG, Yuan HM, Zhan TR, Li N, Gao XL (2005) Geochemical characteristics and early diagenesis of nitrogen in the northern Yellow Sea sediments. Acta Oceanol Sin 27(1) 115-123 (in Chinese with English abstract) Luo XM, Liu CM, He MC (2004) Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by soils and sediments A review. Ecol Environ 13(3) 394-398 (in Chinese with English abstract)... 

Oasis HLB was successfully used for SPE and trace enrichment in the determination of phenols in water [300, 301], tetracycline, macro-lide, and sulfonamide antibiotics in aqueous media and agricultural soils [302—305], various pharmaceuticals in plasma and serum [306— 308], herbicides in natural waters [309-311], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in plants [312], aromatic amines in mainstream cigarette smoke [313], as well as many other types of compounds [314-319],... 

Balasubramanian R, He J (2010) Fate and transfer of persistent organic pollutants in a multi-media environment. In Zereini F, Wiseman CLS (eds) Urban airborne particulate matter origins, chemistry, fate and health impacts. Springer, Heidelberg Bozlaker A, Muezzinoglu A, Odabasi M (2008) Atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey. J Hazard Mater 153 1093-1102... 

Trace analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a soil revealed for the trace constituent benzo[a] pyrene the following values (in milhgrams per kilogram dry weight) ... 

Determination of Priority Pollutant Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) IN Contaminated Soil Using RP-HPLC-PDA with Wavelength... 

WCISLO, E. 1998. Soil Contamination with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Poland - a Review, In. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. Vol. 7, No. 5, 267-272. 

In another AT study, Terrado et al. [15] characterised pollution patterns in different parts of the Ebro catchment. In the upper part of the Ebro, pollution was found to be mainly in the form of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd and Hg), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and trichlorobenzenes (TCBs). Etrophic conditions were also found. Pollution was found to source mainly from industry and urbanisation. The central Ebro was characterised by nutrient pollution such as the accumulation of Ca, Na, Mg and K, which highlighted the importance of salinisation effects from intensive irrigation and soils with high salt content. In the lower Ebro, organic [DDTs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorobutadiene (HCBu)] and heavy metal (Hg, Cd, Zn and As) contamination was found to derive mainly from industrial and agricultural activities. 

According to the vendor, Cement-Lock technology has successfully removed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PCBs, and tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin (TCDD)/2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) from soils and sediments in bench-scale tests. Metal concentrations were also reduced below detection limits in bench-scale tests. These metals included arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, mercury, and silver. 

HCZyme has been demonstrated in bench-scale tests and at field remediations to be effective on benzene, toluene, ethylene, and xylene (BTEX), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethylene (DCE), mineral spirits, fuel oils, motor oils, and hydraulic fluids. The vendor claims that HCZyme has been tested and used on over 2 million tons of petroleum-contaminated soils and is effective in breaking down petroleum hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), creosote, sludges, waste oils, free product, tank bottoms, and other chlorinated compounds (D18208L, p. 15). 

Mycova mycoremediation and mycofiltration are ex situ treatment technologies that use mushrooms to destroy total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pathogens in contaminated soil, wood debris, wastewater, and surface water. The mushrooms are specially selected, cultured, screened, and preconditioned to treat a specific site s target contaminants. The mushrooms may be added directly to contaminated soil or used as a filter in wastewater and surface water applications. 

The PetroClean bioremediation system treats biodegradable contaminants (i.e., gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel, solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and other organic compounds in soils and groundwater. 

Approximately 3000 yd of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was treated nsing this technology at an oil refinery in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. The vendor estimated that the cost of this project was 50/yd (D213718, p. 8). 

---