Inoculated soil

Several studies have shown that ferrated pyoverdine-type siderophores can be used as iron sources for plants when added to soils (79,80). However, to date almost all attempts to supply iron to plants by inoculation of hydroponic solutions with siderophore-producing bacteria or by inoculating soils with pseudomonads have been unsuccessful (58,63,81). In experiments with cucumber, inoculation of a hydroponic medium with P. putida or with soil microorganisms and amend-... 

Some heavy metal-tolerant bacterial strains and their sorption capacities for Cu and Cd are listed in Table 1. These bacteria show great potential for remediating soils that are contaminated with toxic metals. Our pot culture experiments showed that the growth of tobacco plants in a Cd-polluted Yellow Brown Soil (Alfisol) was significantly promoted by inoculating the soil with P. Putida in comparison with the non-inoculated soil (Fig. 2). 

Nitrophenol degraded rapidly from flooded alluvial and pokkali (organic matter-rich acid sulfate) soils that were inoculated with parathion-enrichment culture containing 5-day-old cultures of Flavobacterium sp. ATCC 27551 and Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 29353 (Sudhaker-Barik and Sethunathan, 1978a). 4-Nitrophenol disappeared completely with the formation of nitrite, particularly in the inoculated soils rather than in the uninoculated soils. 

Internalization of poliovirus into growing tomato plants but only at high >104 tita levels Sand layer between inoculated soil and phyllosphere Oron et al. (1995)... 

Internalization of MS2 coliphage into growing cress plants Inoculated soil was overlaid with agar Kirkham et al. (2002)... 

Differences in rates of transformation and/or utilization between the two systems are possibly due to a) constant input vs. single input of p-coumaric acid and nutrient solution, b) aerobic (open system) vs. more anaerobic (closed system) conditions, c) little chance for accumulation of transformation products and/or toxic microbial byproducts (constant flushing of system) vs. potential build up of transformation products and/or toxic microbial byproducts (closed system), d) different microbial communities both in terms of species (air-dried soil vs. autoclaved-inoculated soil) and numbers (10s vs. 108), and e) input of p-coumaric acid (53 pg/mL/h or 187 pg/h vs. 58 pg/mL one time addition) added to different amounts of soil (60 g of soil for the flow-through system vs. 1 g of soil for the test tube system). 

Fio. 3.—An alfalfa seedling 28 days old, showing how nodule production is accomplished early in the plant s growth in wall inoculated soil. The importance of early nodule formation by legume plants grown in average soils cannot be overemphasised, as those crops need more nitrogen than other crops and depend upon the bacteria of the nodules for it. 

The inoculation of soils with B. radicicola may be accomplished in several different ways but the inoculation of the seed by some method before planting is perhaps most efficient. Commercial preparations for broadcasting over the field to be inoculated have been used considerably but are not considered very efficient. The transfer of inoculated soil from one field to another is quite successful but undesirable soil infection often results from the practice of this method. 

Figure 11.2 Degradation Progress in Sterilized and Inoculated Soil by Fungi at 30°C (8)...

Pyrocystis lunula (clone T37) can be grown under light-dark cycles as well as under continuous illumination at 20 2°C, in f/2 medium (Guillard and Ryther, 1962) with 0.5% soil extract instead of silicate (Guillard, 1974). The growth is somewhat slower and harvesting may be carried out about 40 days after inoculation, at a cell density of 15,000-20,000 cells/ml. 

Establishment of inoculated Azospirillum spp. in the rhizosphere and in roots of field grown wheat and sorghum. Plant Soil 90 35-46. 

Greer LE, DR Shelton (1992) Effect of inoculant strain and organic matter content on kinetics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 1459-1465. 

An appropriate mineral medium supplemented with the organic compound that is to be studied is inoculated with a sample of water, soil, or sediment. In studies of the environmental fate of a xenobiotic in a specific ecosystem, samples are generally taken from the area putatively contaminated with the given compound so that a degree of environmental relevance is automatically incorporated. Attention has, in addition been directed to pristine environments, and the issues of adaptation or preexposure have already been discussed. 

Miethling R, Karlson U (1996) Accelerated mineralization of pentachlorophenol in soil upon inoculation with Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum PCPl and Sphingomonas chlorophenolica RA2. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 4361-4366. 

Margesin R, F Schinner (1997) Efficiency of indigenous and inoculated cold-adapted soil microorganisms for biodegradation of diesel oil in alpine oils. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 2660-2664. 

Andersson BE, S Lundstedt, K Tornberg, Y Schniirer, LG Oberg, B Mattiasson (2003) Incomplete degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil inoculated with wood-rotting fungi and their effect on the indigenous soil bacteria. Environ Toxicol Chem 22 1238-1243. 

Madsen T, P Kristensen (1997) Effects of bacterial inoculation and nonionic surfactants on degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 16 631-637. 

Beaudet R, M-J Levesque, R Villemur, M Lanthier, M Chenier, F Lepine, J-G Bisaillon (1998) Anaerobic biodegradation of pentachlorophenol in a contaminated soil inoculated with a methanogenic consortium, or with Desulfitobacterium frappieri PCP-1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50 135-141. 

Contaminated soil has been inoculated with bacteria of established capacity for degradation of chlorobenzoates (Hickey et al. 1993). In the presence of added biphenyl, mineralization of PCBs was shown, although it was pointed out that there may exist incompatibility between the prodnction of chlorocatechols from chlorobenzoates and their inhibition of dihydroxybiphenyl-2,3-dioxygenase that catalyzes the ring fission of many PCBs. 

Hickey WJ, DB Searles, DD Focht (1993) Enhanced mineralization of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil inoculated with chlorobenzoate-degrading bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 1194-1200. 

This was previously used as a herbicide, and attention has been directed to its degradation in storage areas or where it has been spilled. A strain of Clostridium bifermentans KMR-1 (that is protected by a U.S. patent) was unable to use dinoseb as carbon or energy source. In the presence of a starch extract, however, a low level of transformation was observed, and the products could subsequently be mineralized by aerobic bacteria (Hammill and Crawford 1996). These observations have been extended to the remediation of soil slurries from a contaminated site by adding phosphate and starch waste that achieved anaerobic conditions, and inoculation with a culture from a pilot-scale... 

A. A. Meharg, and K. Killham, Loss of exudates from the roots of perennial ryegrass inoculated with a range of micro-organisms. Plant Soil / 70 345 (1995). 

A new approach to study root exudation of distinct compounds in soil-grown plants uses inoculation of roots with genetically engineered reporter bacteria, which are able to indicate the presence of particular compounds by indicator reactions, such as production of ice-nucleation proteins. This technique has been employed to detect the release of amino acids from roots of soil-grown A vena harbata (56). 

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