Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons treatment

Aprill W, RC Sims (1990) Evaluation of the use of prairie grasses for stimulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon treatment in soil. Chemosphere 20 253-265. 

Pressure influences the regioselectivity and the endo-exo diastereoselectivity of the cycloadditions. All the cycloadducts were converted into polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by treatment over a Pd/charcoal catalyst. This approach provides a new and efficient route to a broad variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [36]. 

On treatment with a base such as NaOMe or even LLAIH4, mono-cycloadducts of mesitonitrile oxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been cleaved to yield the corresponding oximes, which are oxidized to ketones by the Dess— Martin method. The same ketones have been obtained by reductive ring opening of the mono-cycloadducts with Raney Ni (438). 

However, these results are not sufficient to estimate quantitative dependence on a level of the particular pollutants in the environment. The second working hypothesis on the relationship between pollutants loading and morbidity dynamics in the whole area of North Eurasia has been considered. This hypothesis was estimated using a complicated statistical treatment (Box 3). The considered pollutants were fertilizers, heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides, oil products, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH. 

Following an aviation kerosin spill, hydrocarbons were detected in trout stream sediments and fish up to 14 months after the spill [13]. After a fire at a weed treatment plant in 1970 a large area of mixed forested ecosystem became contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and creosote [66], High polyaromatic concentrations in stream sediments adversely affected micro- and meiobenthic communities at all trophic levels. Stein et al. [67] have studied the uptake by bethnic fish (English sole, Parophrys vetulus) of benzopyrene and polychlorinated biphenyls from sediments. Accumulation of contaminants from sediments was a significant route of uptake by English sole. 

The alteration of hemoprotein(s) P-450 subpopulations in the rat may be observed spectrally, because after treatment of rats with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the Soret maximum of the carbonmonoxyferrocytochrome complex undergoes a hypsochromic shift from 450 to 448nm (50). This blue shift was not seen with rainbow trout hepatic microsomes (29,30). However, this does not preclude the induction of novel hemoproteins P-450 since (a) the induced hemoprotein(s) maty not differ spectrally from the constitutive enzymes and (b) the induced-hemoprotein may account for only a small proportion of total hemoprotein P-450, and hence its contribution to the position of the Soret maximum of carbon monoxide-treated reduced microsomes may be negligible. The latter suggestion is supported by the work of Bend et al. with the little skate. These workers have shown that hepatic microsomes from 1, 2,3,4-dibenzanthracene treated skates did not exhibit a hypsochromic shift when compared to control microsomes, however, partially purified hemoprotein exhibited an absorbance maxima at 448 nm (51). 

Miege, C. Durand, S. Garric, J. Gourlay, C. Wang, D. Mouchel, J.M. Tusseau-Vuillemin, M.H. 2004, Semipermeable membrane device-availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in river waters and wastewater treatment plant effluents. Polycyclic Aromat. Compd.24 805-825. 

Factorial designs, in which n chemicals are tested at x dose levels (x treatment groups) have been suggested by the US-EPA (US-EPA 1986) as a statistical approach for risk assessment of chemical mixmres. A 2 factorial design has been used to describe interactions between the carcinogenic activity of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at two dose levels (Nesnow 1994) and a 5 design to identify nonadditive effects of three chemicals on developmental toxicity at five dose levels (Narotsky et al. 1995). 

At a former manufactured gas plant, 3 million gallons of wastewater contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) oil benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) and heavy metals were treated using an organoclay treatment train. The system consisted of an oil/water separator bag filters 9000 lb of organoclay and 6000 lb of GAC. Treatment costs were approximately 0.12/gal of treated water (D21556F, p. 12 D17268T, p. 29). 

Mycova mycoremediation and mycofiltration are ex situ treatment technologies that use mushrooms to destroy total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pathogens in contaminated soil, wood debris, wastewater, and surface water. The mushrooms are specially selected, cultured, screened, and preconditioned to treat a specific site s target contaminants. The mushrooms may be added directly to contaminated soil or used as a filter in wastewater and surface water applications. 

MARCOR Environmental, Inc. s, Advanced Chemical Treatment (ACT) is a chemical fixation method for the treatment of contaminated soils, sediments, and sludges. The vendor claims that by mixing contaminated materials with ACT reagents, the contaminants are oxidized, catalyzed, and mineralized. Target contaminants may include coal tar wastes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) chromium copper and lead. 

Nearly all the nonfluorescent emission bands reported in these studies have been found at longer wavelengths than the expected fluorescence. They have been variously ascribed to eximers6,15 or to phosphorescence1315 of the electroactive substance. Some apparently do not arise from the electroactive compound itself.16 On oxidation of the pyrene anion radical with Wurster s blue perchlorate, an emission band was obtained which corresponded closely to the known pyrene eximer emission.15 Several spectra obtained from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by electrochemical treatment at constant applied voltage have... 

Since petroleum and petroleum-derived products are the single most pervasive environmental contamination problem, we have provided two chapters directly related to hydrocarbon treatment. Chapter 4 specifically addresses petroleum, while Chapter 5 discusses polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, a particularly problematic component of petroleum and other fossil residues. 

Jerger, D. E., Cady, D. J. Exner, J. H. (1994). Full-scale slurry-phase biological treatment of wood-preserving wastes. In Bioremediation of Chlorinated and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds, ed. R. E. Hinchee, A. Leeson, L. Semprini S. K. Ong, pp. 480-3- Boca Raton, FL Lewis Publishers, CRC Press. 

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