Soils mapping

FAO (1971-1981). "The FAO-UNESCO Soil Map of the World." Legend and 9 volumes. UNESCO, Paris. 

Soil properties A Soil texture (sand, silt, clay), organic matter/carbon content, and pH Stones, roots, and hardpans must be largely absent to allow representative sampling of soil profile Soil properties should appear uniform over test site Soil texture data should be available at time of site selection. Soil properties must match study purpose. This can be realistic use conditions, realistic worst-case or worst-case in terms of agrochemical mobility and persistence Must ensure that the majority of samples can be taken from the deepest sampling horizon. Information about sub-soils can be obtained from soil maps, test coring and on-site interviews... 

Information on surface soils is available from a number of sources, including surface soil maps compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey and the geological surveys of various states. At the present time, the coverage of such maps is not complete, nor has any systematic data on air permeability of soils been compiled. However reports issued by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture contain information on most soils on a county-by-county basis. While no direct air permeability information is contained in these reports, the data and descriptive material contained there may be useful in estimating air permeabilities. 

We have used these indicators to estimate permeability values for surface soils in Spokane County, WA. A general soil map of this county is shown in Figure 5. The spatial extent of two soil associations, the Naff-Larkin-Ereeman association (area 1) and the Garrison-Marble-Springdale association (area 2), are shaded in the figure, and detailed estimates of air permeability for these two association have been made, as described briefly below. More information is given in Nazaroff el al.r (1986). 

Figure 5. General soil map from the Soil Conservation Service for Spokane County, WA. Two soil associations discussed in the text are shaded. The Spokane River is indicated by a dashed line and the approximate boundary for the city of Spokane is shown by a heavy border.

FAO/UNESCO (1979) Soil map of the world. IX, Southeast Asia, UNESCO, Paris, France... 

The receptors of interest are soils of agricultural (arable lands, grasslands) and non-agricultural (forests, steppes, heath lands, savanna, etc.) ecosystems. In non-agricultural ecosystems, the atmospheric deposition is the only input of heavy metals. Regarding the Forest ecosystems, a distinction should at least be made between Coniferous and Deciduous Forest ecosystems. When detailed information on the areal distribution of various tree species (e.g., pine, fir, spruce, oak, beech and birch) is available, this should be used since tree species influence the deposition and uptake of heavy metals and the precipitation excess. On a world scale, soil types can be best distinguished on the basis of the FAO-UNESCO Soil Map of the World, climate and ecosystem data from NASA database (1989). 

The parameters related to soil-related, data (to define soil solution status such as pHss, DOM or DOC, SPM) influences on HM toxicity for biota. These data should be either measured (in a few plots only) or simulated since this information is mainly not perennially monitored for forested areas of Russia. Soil pH data (water or KC1 extraction) are more available parameters as depending on soil type. The same FAO soil map with added attributive tables containing soil pH values can be used for this purpose. 

Table compiled using data in Leinen et al. [64] and Claquin et al. [65], which are based, respectively, on sampling clay-size and silt-size particles over the Northern Pacific Ocean, and different soil types in arid regions consistent with the Food and Agricultural Organization Soil Map of the World. The minerals are listed in approximate order of abundance for these localities, with the most abundant at the top and least abundant at the bottom. 

Davidson, E. A., and Lefebvre, P. A. (1993). Estimating regional carbon stocks and spatially covarying edaphic factors using soil maps at three scales. Biogeochemistry (Dordrecht) 22(2), 107-131. 

The use of geographical information systems (GIS) has gready enhanced the ability to manage and display geochemical data arising from urban soil mapping activities. 

This S—A method has already been applied in environmental studies on a regional basis by Lima et al. (2003) and Lima (2008), while at urban scale it has been applied by Cicchella et al. (2005) and De Vivo et al. (2006), as specified above. In Fig. 8.6, the baseline geochemical soil maps of Pb, Hg, Se, Tl, V and Zn, representing the... 

County soils maps old and new versions of United States Department of Agriculture maps describing soil types and locations of dumps or "made land" (good for shallow depth of overburden only). 

Fig. 6 Soil map for assessing the susceptibility to acid rain and the annual S04(excess) of 11 stations for 1984 and 1985...

The Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition provided the soil map for assessing the susceptibility of Japanese soils to acid precipitation (7). Fig. 6 shows a summary of the map together with the annual deposition of sulfate (excess) at eleven stations in Japan. The most susceptible and most tolerant areas are distinguished on the map. The soils in unmarked regions of the map have intermediate susceptability. 

The Brazilian Latossolos correspond to well drained Oxisols in the U.S. Soil Taxonomy, and the FAO-UNESCO soil map legend identifies them as Ferralsols. In the French classification they are defined as Sols Ferrallitiques, commonly fortement d at-ures, typiques. The Podzolicos belong to the Alfisols (when eutrofic) and to the Kandisols... 

Brazilian Amazon basin was calculated for each soil type by multiplying the mean C stocks by the area of each soil type from a digitized soil map at scale 1 5,000,000 (Empresa Brasileira de pesquisa Agropecuaria, 1981). The authors determined that 47 Pg of carbon is stocked in the first soil meter, of which 44% is in the upper 20 cm. Cerri et al. (2000) also showed that if the standard deviation is used for evaluating the accuracy of estimates, the associated error would be 11.6 Pg of carbon, i.e. 24.5% of the mean value. The use of means is subject to caution, even more when the number of samples is reduced. As the sample size for most of the soil types is less than 30, outlying values may have a marked influence on the mean. The calculation with the median values, because it is less sensitive to extreme values. 

EAO (1988) Soil Map of the World. Vol. 1. Revised Legend. UNESCO, Rome. 

Soil Sampling. The types of land to be sampled should be distinct in some clear way - such as by soil colour, cultivation, slope, drainage or soil type. If it is available, a soil map of the area being sampled would give better definition of the samples taken. 

Levesque, M. P. (1981). Characterization and differentiation of peat materials in the context of peat soils classification. Proceedings of the Organic Soils Mapping and Interpretations Workshop, Fredericton, N. B. Res. Br. Agric. Can. L.R.R.I. Monogr. 82-44, 74-104. 

Stage 2 (Collect Existing System Information). This includes information on habitat, geology, soil maps, topography, river system, etc. Here it may also be relevant to have model predictions of future development for aquifer boundaries and habitat changes. 

FIGURE 1. Illustrations of soil variability at different spatial scales. At the regional scale, variability is expressed by the difference of different soil mapping units within a soil map sheet (a). At the scale of the soil profile, variability is observed by the presence of different diagnostic horizons (b). Within the soil horizons, variability is presented by the heterogeneous appearance of soil aggregates (c). Within aggregates, microscopic variability is observable in the porous structure (d). 

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