Creosote contaminated soil

Deschenes L, P Lafrance, J-P Villeneuve, R Samson (1996) Adding sodium dodecyl sulfate and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 biosurfactants inhibits polycyclic hydrocarbon biodegradation in a weathered creosote-contaminated soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 46 638-646. 

The addition of a rhamnolipid biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa stain ATIO apparently reduced the extent of degradation by endogenous bacteria of benz[fl]anthracene and chrysene in a creosote-contaminated soil (Vinas et al. 2005). 

Davis MW, JA Glaser, JW Evans, RT Lamer (1993) Field evaluation of the lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete sordida to treat creosote-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 27 2572-2576. 

Vinas M, 1 Sabate, Ml Espuny, AM Solanas (2005) Bacterial community dynamics and polycyclic aromatic hdrocarbon degradation during bioremediation of heavily creosote-contaminated soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 7008-7018. 

Eriksson M, Faldt J, Dalhammar G, Borg-Karlson A-K. Determination of hydrocarbons in old creosote contaminated soil using headspace solid phase microextraction and GC-MS. Chemosphere 2001 44 71641-71648. 

A species of Pseudomonas, isolated from creosote-contaminated soil, degraded 4-methylphenol into 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoate. Both metabolites were then converted into protocatechuate (O Reilly and Crawford, 1989). In the presence of suspended natural populations from unpolluted aquatic systems, the second-order microbial transformation rate constant determined in the laboratory was reported to be 2.7 + 1.3 x 10 ° L/organism-h (Steen, 1991). 

Chemical contaminants for which full-scale treatment data exist include primarily volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). These SVOCs include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), pesticides, and herbicides. Extremely volatile metals, such as mercury and lead, can be removed by higher temperature thermal desorption systems. The technology has been applied to refinery wastes, coal tar wastes, wood-treating wastes, creosote-contaminated soils, hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, mixed (radioactive and hazardous) wastes, synthetic mbber processing wastes, and paint wastes. 

Relying on the activity of the indigenous microfiora, Tremaine et al. (1994) comparatively evaluated three solid-phase treatment strategies according to their ability to remove PAHs from creosote-contaminated soil. These efforts culminated in an initial biodegradation rate 06) of 122 mg total PAH per kg of soil per day with a starting soil total PAH concentration of 500-14 000 mg/kg. However, when biodegradation data are considered over the entire 12-week incubation period, PAH removal appears to be less extensive removal of the HMW PAHs was not described. 

Full-scale separation/washing and bioslurry reactor operations have been used to treat creosote-contaminated soil at the former Southeastern Wood Preserving Site at Canton, Mississippi (Jerger et al., 1994 Woodhull Jerger, 1994). Here, an estimated 10 500 yd3 of soil and sludge were excavated from various process areas, stabilized with kiln dust and stockpiled for subsequent treatment. Based on the results of preliminary bench studies, four 680 000 liter reactors were eventually established to handle 7050 yd3 of the screened (200-mesh) soil fraction at a solids content of 20-25%. Other oil fractions and waters were handled separately (data and costs not reported). 

Berg, J.D., Nesgard, B., Gunderson, R., Lorentsen, A. Bennett, T.E. (1994). Washing and slurry-phase biotreatment of creosote-contaminated soil. In Bioremediation of Chlorinated and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds, ed. R. E. Hinchee et. al., pp. 489-95. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 

Mueller, J. G., Chapman, P.J. Pritchard, P. H. (1990a). Development of a Sequential Treatment System for Creosote-contaminated Soil and Water Bench Studies, pp. 42-5. EPA/600/9-90/041. Cincinnati, OH US EPA. 

Pritchard, P. H., Lantz, S. E., Lin, J-E. Mueller, J. G. (1994). Metabolic and ecological factors affecting the bioremediation of PAH- and creosote-contaminated soil and water. In U.S. EPA Annual Symposium on Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes Research, Development and Field Evaluations. San Francisco, California, June 28-30, 1994, pp. 129-38. EPA/600/R-94/075. 

Otte, M-P., Gagnon, J., Comeau, Y., Matte, N., Greer, C. W. Samson, R. (1994). Activation of an indigenous microbial consortium for bioaugmentation of pentach-lorophenol/creosote contaminated soils. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 40,926-32. 

Ahtiainen, J., Valo, R., Jarvinen, M. Joutti, A. (2002). Microbial toxicity tests and chemical analysis as monitoring parameters at composting of creosote-contaminated soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 53, 323-9. 

Atagana, H. I. (2004). Bioremediation of creosote-contaminated soil in South Africa by landfarming. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 96, 510-20. 

Atagana, H. I., Haynes, R. J. Wallis, F. M. (2003). Optimization of soil physical and chemical conditions for the bioremediation of creosote-contaminated soil. Biodegradation, 14, 297-307. 

Charrois, J. W. A., McGill, W. B. Froese, K. L. (2001). Acute ecotoxicity of creosote-contaminated soils to Eisenia fetida. a survival-based approach. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20, 2594-603. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency. Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE). EPA/540/S5-91/009. Pilot-scale demon-strationof a slurry-phase biological reactor for creosote-contaminated soil. Project Summary. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati. 

OEC has been used to reduce NOx in a fixed-based resource recovery process.20 Giant Resource Recovery (GRR) is a subsidiary of the Giant Group, Ltd., which is involved with cement manufacture and the use of waste materials as fuel and raw materials supplements. GRR processes creosote-contaminated soil through countercurrent rotary kilns. By a patented process, the decontaminated soil is then used as a raw material for cement production, thus replacing a certain portion of the traditional feed material stream. The combustion products are ducted into the cement kilns. 

Coal Tar Products. Excess cases of breast cancer have been observed in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, that were tentatively associated with coal tar creosote contamination of the water supply (Dean et al. 1988). Coal tar creosote-derived PAHs were first detected in the water supply of St. Louis Park in November 1978, but may have been there for decades. A 100-acre plot of coal tar creosote-contaminated soil on which stood a plant that used coal tar creosote and operated from 1917 to 1972 is believed to be the source of contamination. The levels of coal tar creosote or creosote-derived PAHs in the contaminated... 

Other individuals who are potentially exposed to coal tar creosote, coal tar, coal tar pitch volatiles, or products containing creosote include coke oven workers, rubber industry or tire plant workers, road paving workers, roofers, chimney cleaners, aluminum smelting workers, iron foundry workers, steel plant workers, and site remediation workers who are involved with creosote-contaminated soils or water. 

Gile et al. 1982), whereas bioconcentration in aquatic organisms from contaminated surface waters has been demonstrated. Data from human and animal studies indicate that creosote components are absorbed following ingestion or inhalation, or after dermal contact with the mixture. Additional data on the bioavailability of creosote components following ingestion or inhalation of creosote-contaminated soils would be helpful. Of particular importance are data on the bioavailability of the HMW PAHs that may persist in soil and are resistant to many bioremediation techniques. 

Ball J, Norton CM, Andrews JW. 1985. Environmental feasibility of using creosote contaminated soil and sludges in roadway paving structures. In Bell JM, ed. Proceedings of the 39th Industrial Waste Conference. May 1984. Purdue University. Chelsea, MI Lewis Publishers, Inc, 361-368. 

Technology Demonstration Summary Pilot-Scale Demonstration of a Slurry-Phse Biological Reactor for Creosote-Contaminated Soil U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, EPA/540/S5-91/009. 

Meyer, S., CarteUieri, S., and Steinhart, H., Simultaneous determination of PAHs, hetero-PAHs (N, S, O), and their degradation products in creosote-contaminated soils, method development, validation, and application to hazardous waste sites. Anal. Chem., 71, 4023-4029, 1999. 

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