Soil surveys

Range and (in italics) mean of total helium concentrations (He) and neon-normalised helium concentrations (Hon) in overburden gas over mineralised zones and background areas in Australia (from Butt and Gole 1984, 1985). 

Even if such false anomalies are present, the technique would be of value if it were certain that U mineralisation did yield He anomalies in overburden gases. Since this is not so, however carefully samples are collected and analysed, the technique must be considered to have very little application. This conclusion is supported by the mathematical modelling by Novikov and Kapkov (1965) and Jeter (1980), described above, which suggest that excess He contents in soil and overburden gas due to underlying, concealed U mineralisation would be far too low to be detected reliably. 

---

Soil surveys relating to eonstruetion work require samples from at least the depth of exeavation water seepage may eause eross-eontamination of land. Some guidelines for the elassifieation of eontaminated soils are summarized in Table 16.17. 

Soils vary greatly in corrosiveness, and the type of soil affects the corrosion rate much more than any variation in the ferrous material or in its method of manufacture. Although it is difficult to assess the corrosiveness of a particular soil beforehand, much useful information can be obtained from a well-conducted soil survey on the site. 

See "Keys to Soil Taxonomy" (Soil Survey Staff, 1998) for a complete listing. 

Plate 3. Global soil regions. (Courtesy of US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Survey Division, World Soil Resources.)... 

B. E. Butler, A soil survey of the horticultural soils in the Murrumbidgee irrigation areas. New South Wales, Bulletin No. 289, CSIRO (1979). 

For studies involving test substance application to soil, there may be a requirement for more soil information than for studies where applications are made to foliage of established crops. The study protocol should describe any specific requirements relative to soil type selection and how to confirm the soil characteristics for the study. Most studies simply require that the soil be identified by its name (e.g., Keystone silt loam) and composition (e.g., percent sand, silt, and clay). This information can typically be acquired from farm records, a soil survey of the local area, or a typical soil analysis by a local soil analysis laboratory. In some instances, a GLP compliant soil analysis must be completed. The study protocol must clearly define what is needed and how it is to be obtained. Unless specified in the protocol, non-GLP sources are adequate to identify the soil and its characteristics. The source of the soil information should be identified in the field trial record. 

Harrod, T.R. (1979) Soil Survey Applications (eds M.G. Jarvis D. Mackney). Technical Monograph 13. 

Olson, G. W. (1981), Soils and the Environment A Guide to Soil Surveys and Their Applications, Chapman Hall, New York. 

Soil Survey Staff. Soil taxonomy, a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. U.S. Dept. Agric. Handbook, 436. Washington D.C. Soil Conserv Serv, 1975. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Soil Survey, Spokane County, Washington... 

KEYWORDS aqua regia digestion, certified reference materials, analysis of variance, Trinational soil survey... 

Sampling sites were selected based on the regional soil survey and a related study in seven sub-areas, each with coverage of several dozen to hundreds of square kilometers and with representative geological setting and geochemical characteristics. Rice and cultivation layer soil at 146 sites were sampled at a density of one site per square kilometer during rice harvest season, October 2006. 

KEYWORDS built environments, children, human impact, neurotoxicity, soil survey. 

Dent D, Anthony Y. Soil Survey and Land Evaluation. Boston Allen Unwin 1981. Douglas LA. Soil Micromorphology and Soil Classification, Thompson ML (ed.). 

Soil Survey Staff. Soil Taxonomy A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office 1975. 

Information about the soil in its natural state is thus an essential part of any soil sampling. This information may be available from previous soil analysis, that is, before contamination took place. This type of information is commonly available from the state s land grant university and the areas soil survey. Another option would be to obtain historical soil samples. Historical soil samples are samples of the soil taken before contamination has occurred and thus can be used to ascertain the natural levels of components of interest in that soil. These contain information that may not be readily available otherwise. Caution must be used because storage of soil samples can change analyte composition including the most prominent species present (see Table 7.1 and Reference 2). 

In order to determine chemical elements in soil, samples of the soil must undergo a solid-liquid extraction. Sometimes the extracts resulting from this procedure have analyte concentrations that are too high to be measured accurately by the chosen method. Therefore, they must be diluted. At the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soil Survey Laboratory in Lincoln, Nebraska, an automated diluting device is used. Using this device, the analyst accurately transfers aliquots of the extract and a certain volume of extraction solution to the same container. This dilutor may also be used to pipet standards and prepare serial dilutions. 

Patty Jones, a physical science technician at the NRCS Soil Survey Laboratory, prepares extracts for phosphorus analysis using a diluting device. 

Larry Arnold of the National Soil Survey Laboratory assigns unique identification labels to soil samples in preparation to logging the samples and their unique field information into a LIMS. 

Patty Jones checks the operation of an automatic mechanical vacuum extractor in the chemistry section of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soil Survey Laboratory in Lincoln, Nebraska. 

Brammer H. 1971. Soil Survey Project, Bangladesh agricultural development possibilities. Technical Report No. 2. Rome FAO. 

However experience has shown that other factors such as a break-in-slope or a water-bearing structure can produce single-peak anomalies. These are somewhat confusing when attempting to interpret a soil survey. 

An orientation soil survey at the Pebble Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposit,... 

---