Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons techniques

Bracco, V. 1973. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons technique and application to coffee oil. Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse 50 166-176. 

Biggs WR, JC Fetzer (1996) Analytical techniques for large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons a review. Trends Anal Chem 15 196-205. 

Sim PG, Boyd RK, Gershey RM, Gueveemont R, Jamieson WD, Qdilliam MA, and Geegely RJ (1987) A comparison of chromatographic and chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrosc 14 375-381. 

Many process mixtures, notably fermentations, require sample preconcentration, microdialysis, microfiltration, or ultrafiltration prior to analysis. A capillary mixer has been used as a sample preparation and enrichment technique in microchromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water.8 Microdialysis to remove protein has been coupled to reversed phase chromatography to follow the pharmacokinetics of the metabolism of acetaminophen into acetaminophen-4-O-sulfate and acetaminophen-4-O-glucu-ronide.9 On-line ultrafiltration was used in a process monitor for Aspergillus niger fermentation.10... 

Berset JD, Ejem M, Holzer R, Lischer P (1999) Comparison of different drying, extraction and detection techniques for the determination of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in background contaminated soil samples. Anal Chim Acta 383(3) 263-275... 

Kosian, P.A., E.A. Makynen, P.D. Monson, D.R. Mount, A. Spacie, O.G. Mekenyan, and G.T. Ankley. 1998. Application of toxicity-based fractionation techniques and structure-activity relationship models for the identification of phototoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment pore water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 1021-1033. 

Miege C, Dugay J, Hennion MC. Optimization, validation and comparison of various extraction techniques for the trace determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludges by liquid chromatography coupled to diode-array and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. A 2003 995 87-97. 

A gaseous sample is passed through a solid material, such as silica gel or polyurethane foam (PUF), in a tube. A glass fiber filter is often put in front of the solid support to capture particle-phase constituents, while the vapor-phase compounds are captured on the solid support. This is used for semivolatile analytes, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides. The solid support is then usually extracted in the lab with a solvent (see techniques described later in this chapter), and then the techniques used for liquid samples are followed. 

Accelerated solvent extraction is a new technique for the extraction of a range of organic pollutants from soils and related material. The technique is based on the use of a solvent or combination of solvents to extract organic pollutants at elevated pressure and temperature from a solid matrix. The range of organic pollutants for which the technique is proposed includes semivolatile compounds, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, chlorinated herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [53-56],... 

Utvik, T.I.R. Durell, G.S. Johnsen, S. 1999, Deteimining produced water originating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in North Sea waters Comparison of sampling techniques. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 38 977-989. 

The delocalised radical formed by protonation of the radical-anion is more easily reduced than the starting arene. For some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the redox potential for this radical species can be determined using a cyclic voltammetry technique [10]. Reduction in dimethylformamide is carried out to the potential for formation of the dianion. The dianion undergoes rapid monoprotonation and on the reverse sweep at a fast scan rate, oxidation of the monoanion to the radical can be observed. The radical intermediate from pyrene has E° = -1.15 V vs. see in dimethylformamide compared to E° = -2.13 V vs. see for pyrene,... 

The company has applied ex situ landfarming technology to several sites. The process is designed to contaminated site containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters, petroleum hydrocarbons, and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The company has also used in situ techniques such as air sparging bioremediation. 

The Hot Air Vapor Extraction System (HAVE) is an ex situ commercial technology that uses a sequence of thermal, heap pile, and vapor extraction techniques to remove and destroy hydrocarbon contamination in soil. This technology is effective in cleaning soils contaminated with gasoline, diesel, heavy oil, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Wehry, E. L., Optical Spectrometric Techniques for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, in Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (A. Bjprseth, Ed.), pp. 323-396, Dekker, New York, 1983. 

The materials were tested as supports for SPE techniques. Excellent recoveries are observed, exceeding silica-based SPE materials (40). The supports were also investigated for their retention behavior for phenols, alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, chloroalkenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (41). 

Although Table I is generally self-explanatory, the carbonaceous material measurements require comment. Because of its chemical complexity, carbonaceous material is frequently characterized only on the basis of carbon measurements. These measurements attempt to divide the carbonaceous material into organic C and elemental C . Carbon present in carbonate salts, frequently a minor contributor to the total particulate carbon, can be determined independently. Elemental carbon is among the most important pollutants in visibility reduction. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are relatively minor constituents of the particulate carbon but are of great interest in health effects studies. PAHs can also serve as model compounds in developing improved sampling techniques for semivolatile carbonaceous materials. 

Miellet [80] and Lopez-Avila et al. [81] have reviewed the applications of Soxhlet extraction to the determination of pesticides in soil. This technique has been applied extensively to the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, herbicides and polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins in soils. Details of the extraction procedures and the analytical finish employed are reviewed in Table 1.1. 

The range of materials for which the technique is proposed includes semivolatile compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlo-rine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, chlorinated herbicides and polychlorinated biphenyls [92],... 

Hubert et al. [101] state that accelerated solvent extraction compared to alternatives such as Soxhlet extraction, steam distillation, microwave extraction, ultrasonic extraction and, in some cases, supercritical fluid extraction is an exceptionally effective extraction technique. Hubert et al. [ 101 ] studied the effect of operating variables such as choice of solvent and temperature on the solvent extraction of a range of accelerated persistent organic pollutants in soil, including chlorobenzenes, HCH isomers, DDX, polychlorobiphenyl cogeners and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Temperatures ofbetween 20 and 180 °C were studied. The optimum extraction conditions use two extraction steps at 80 and 140 °C with static cycles (extraction time 35 minutes) using toluene as a solvent and at a pressure of 15 MPa. 

Lopez-Avila et al. [107] showed that microwave-assisted extraction of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil is a viable alternative to Soxhlet extraction and needs a smaller sample volume and extraction time [108,109]. These techniques have also been compared in the case of chlorophenols. Lopez-Avila et al. compared microwave-assisted extraction with electron capture gas chromatography to ELISA for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils. Both techniques are applicable to field screening and monitoring applications. Microwave-assisted extraction [111, 112] and solid-phase microextraction [113] have been applied to the extraction of pesticides from soil. It was observed by these and other workers [114] that the selectivity of microwave-assisted extraction is highly dependent on the soil composition. 

The various instrumental techniques that have been used to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil are now reviewed. 

Other techniques that have been used to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil extracts include ELISA field screening [86], micellar elec-tr okinetic capillary chromatography [ 87], supersonic jet laser-induced fluorescence [88,89], fluorescence quenching [90], thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [81,90,100], microwave-assisted extraction [91], thermal desorption [92], immunochemical methods [93,94], electrophoresis [96], thin layer chromatography [95], and pyrolysis gas chromatography [35]. 

Fluorescence quenching is a popular technique for measuring Kiom values for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Gauthier et al., 1986, 1987 ... 

Smedes, F. 2007. Monitoring of chlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by passive sampbng in concert with deployed mussels. In R. Greenwood, G.A. Mills, and B. Vrana (eds), Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring, pp. 407-448. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

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