Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from

The performance of microwave-assisted decomposition of most difficult samples of organic and inorganic natures in combination with the microwave-assisted solution preconcentration is illustrated by sample preparation of carbon-containing matrices followed by atomic spectroscopy determination of noble metals. Microwave-assisted extraction of most dangerous contaminants, in particular, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, from soils have been developed and successfully used in combination with polarization fluoroimmunoassay (FPIA) and fluorescence detection. 

Jacob J, and Grimmer G (1994) Extractability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental matrices. Quimica Analitica 13 (Suppl.i) ii9-i23. 

Because process mixtures are complex, specialized detectors may substitute for separation efficiency. One specialized detector is the array amperometric detector, which allows selective detection of electrochemically active compounds.23 Electrochemical array detectors are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5. Many pharmaceutical compounds are chiral, so a detector capable of determining optical purity would be extremely useful in monitoring synthetic reactions. A double-beam circular dichroism detector using a laser as the source was used for the selective detection of chiral cobalt compounds.24 The double-beam, single-source construction reduces the limitations of flicker noise. Chemiluminescence of an ozonized mixture was used as the principle for a sulfur-selective detector used to analyze pesticides, proteins, and blood thiols from rat plasma.25 Chemiluminescence using bis (2,4, 6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate was used for the selective detection of catalytically reduced nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust.26... 

Ruepert, C., Grinwis, A., Govers, H. (1985) Prediction of partition coefficients of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from C18 chromatographic and structural properties. Chemosphere 14, 279-291. 

Southworth, G.R. (1979) The role of volatilization in removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aquatic environments. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21, 507-514. 

Van Hoof, P.L., Kukkonen, J.V.K., Landrum, P.F. (2001) Impact of sediment manipulation on the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from field-contaminated and laboratory-dosed sediments by an oligochaete. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20, 1752-1761. 

Walters, R.W., Luthy, R.G. (1984) Equilibrium adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water onto activated carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18(6), 395-403. 

Neff, J.M. 1982a. Accumulation and release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water, food, and sediment by marine animals. Pages 282-320 in N.L. Richards and B.L. Jackson (eds.). Symposium Carcinogenic Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment. U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/9-82-013. 

Staci L. S., and Hites R. A., 1994, Importance of vegetation in removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the atmosphere, Nature 370 49-51. 

Burks, G.A. and Harmon, T.C. Volatilization of solid-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from model mixtures and lampblack-contaminated soils. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46(4) 944-949, 2001. 

Lee, L.S., Hagwall, M., Delfino, J.J., and Rao, S.C. Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel fuel into... 

Lee, L.S., Rao, P.S.C., and Okuda, I. Equilibrium partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar into water. Environ. Sci Technol, 26(11) 2110-2115, 1992a. 

Once reaching a water system, the components of a crude oil or a petroleum hydrocarbon are truly dissolved at a molecular level or apparently soluble at a colloidal level when droplets characterized by radii of tens to hundreds of microns are formed. The apparent solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from oil in an aquatic system is reported by Sterling et al. (2003), who consider that the colloidal concentration of a given hydrocarbon contaminant in aqueous phase, C, is described by the equation... 

Lee L, Agwall M, Delfino J, et al. 1992. Partitioning of Polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons from diesel fuel into water. Environmental Science and Technology 26(11) 2104-2110. 

Factors Affecting Transfer of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Made Tea to Tea Infusion (from Lin et al., 2006)... 

Lee, F., and D. Schuetzle, Sampling, Extraction, and Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Internal Combustion Engines, in Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (A. Bjprseth, Ed.), pp. 27-94, Dekker, New York, 1983. 

Andersson, K., Levin, J-O. Nilsson, C-A. (1983). Sampling and analysis of particulate and gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar sources in the working environment. Chemosphere, 12, 197-207. 

Saim et al. [96] investigated the interdependence of selected operating parameters on the recovery of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from nine highly contaminated soils, including a range of pressures from 1000-2400 psi, operating temperatures from 40 - 200 ° C, and extraction times from 2 to 16 minutes. 

Pressurised hot water extraction has been used to isolate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil [104,105]. Ramos et al. [106] reported an rapid (ten minutes) miniaturised pressurised liquid extraction method using only 100 pi solvent for extracting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil. 

Lopez-Avila et al. [107] showed that microwave-assisted extraction of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil is a viable alternative to Soxhlet extraction and needs a smaller sample volume and extraction time [108,109]. These techniques have also been compared in the case of chlorophenols. Lopez-Avila et al. compared microwave-assisted extraction with electron capture gas chromatography to ELISA for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils. Both techniques are applicable to field screening and monitoring applications. Microwave-assisted extraction [111, 112] and solid-phase microextraction [113] have been applied to the extraction of pesticides from soil. It was observed by these and other workers [114] that the selectivity of microwave-assisted extraction is highly dependent on the soil composition. 

The addition of methanolic alkali or boron trifluoride methanol [97,99] as a modifier has been recommended for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soils containing a high proportion of humic acids. 

McGrath, T. E., Chan, W. G., and Hajaligol, R. (2003). Low temperature mechanism for the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis of cellulose. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 66,51-70. 

Richter, P., M. Jimenez, R. Salazar, and A. Marican. 2006. Ultrasound-assisted pressurized solvent extraction for aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soils. J. Chromatogr. A 1132 15-20. 

Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer. Damage to skin DNA from sunlight is the most common cause of skin cancer. This causes mutations that result in formation of cancer cells and that suppress the immune responses that normally prevent replication of such cells. The class of chemicals most commonly associated with causing skin cancer are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from sources such as coal tar. These can be metabolized to electrophilic substances that bind with DNA to initiate cancer (see Figures 7.3 and 8.3). Arsenic in drinking water has been established as a cause of precancerous lesions, called arsenical keratoses, and squamous cell carcinoma of skin. 

Guerin, M.R., Epler, J.L., Griest, W.H., Clark, B.R., Rao, T.K., "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Fossil Fuel Conversion Processes," "Carcinogenesis-A Comprehensive Survey," Vol. 3., "Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons,"... 

Stanford, T. B. Efficient Collection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Combustion Effluents. 

Jones, P. W. Improved Measurement Techniques for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Combustion... 

Contreras-Ramos, S.M., Alvarez-Bernal, D., and Dendooven, L. 2006. Eiseniafetida increased removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil. Environmental Pollution, 141 396 01. 

Pinto, L. J. Moore, M. M. (2000). Release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from... 

Letellier, M. Budzinski, H. Charrier, L. Capes, S. Dorthe, A.M. 1999. Optimization by factorial design of focused microwave assisted extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from marine sediment. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 364 228-237. 

The theory of rotation effects on prolate luminescent molecules in solution and its experimental verification have been developed and compared. Generalized diffusion equations for the rotational motion of an asymmetric rigid motor have been used to given an expression for steady-state fluorescence depolarization. " The radiationless transition from the first excited singlet state of Eosin has been measured by optoacoustic relaxation, and the absolute fluorescence quantum yields of organic dyes in poly(vinyl alcohol) have also been measured by the photoacoustic method. The accuracy of the method has been discussed in the latter paper. Actinometry in flash photolysis experiments has been assisted by new measurements on the extinction coefficient of triplet benzophenone. Matrix-isolation fluorescence spectrometry has been used to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from gas chromatography. ... 

Yang, Y., Gharaibeh, A., Hawthorne, S. B., and Miller, D. J., Combined Temperature/Modifier Effects on Supercritical COj Extraction Efficiencies of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples,, /4na/. Chem., 67(3) 641-646 (1995)... 

Gilmour I. and Pillinger C. T. (1994) Isotopic compositions of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the Murchison meteorite. More Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 269, 235-240. 

---