Polycyclic aromatic compounds, effect

Sverdrup, L.E., Jensen, J., Kelley, A.E., Krogh, P.J., Stenersen, J. (2002) Effects of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds on the survival and reproduction on Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta, Clitellata). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21, 109-114. 

The application of toxicokinetic modeling to the assessment of interactive effects between hexane, ketones and aromatic compounds. Investigation of dermal absorption of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs). Research indicates dermal absorption of PAHs in a number of industries including aluminum smelting, coke ovens, creosote production and others is significantly more important than previously recognized. 

Anthralin (59), used clinically as an antipsoriatic, inhibited human ISN (7 /zM) the oxidation products of (59) (the corresponding quinone and dimer) were not active [164]. A non-specific antioxidant effect was suggested, since co-oxidation of LTB4 and mouse ear 12-LO were inhibited at similar concentrations [165]. However, some other phenolic polycyclic aromatic compounds appear more specific in their actions. 

However, it should be noted that even where kerosene heaters do not contribute significantly to particle mass concentrations, they may still be important in terms of health effects. This is because of the composition of the particles emitted, which include polycyclic aromatic compounds and other mutagenic species, as well as sulfate (Leaderer et al., 1990 Traynor et al., 1990). For example, Traynor et al. (1990) studied the emissions from unvented kerosene space heaters and identified a number of PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, anthracene, chrysene, and indeno[c,rf]pyrene) and nitro-PAHs (1-nitronaphtha-lene, 9-nitroanthracene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, and 1-nit-ropyrene), in addition to a host of other gaseous species. Baek et al. (1997) also reported increased levels of a number of gases indoors in homes and offices in Korea due to the use of kerosene heaters. 

Effect of Heteroelements in Modifying Some Cyclizations — Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds from the Diene Synthesis , W. Davies and O. N. Porter, in Proceedings of a Symposium on Current Trends in Heterocyclic Chemistry , ed. A. Albert, G. M. Badger and C. W. Shoppee, Academic Press, New York, 1958, pp. 56-58. 

On the other hand, polycyclic aromatic compounds given orally or subcutaneously are more likely to cause aplastic anemia, leukemia, and lymphatic tumors in Ah-nonresponsive mice. These effects are manifest in tissues distant from the site of drug administration. In the example of oral benzo[a]pyrene, pharmacokinetic studies have shown a 10-and 20-fold higher uptake in the marrow and spleen of Ah-nonresponsive than of Ah-responsive mice this confirms the phenomenon called "first-pass elimination kinetics."... 

The binuclear reagents are effective at shifting the spectra of fused ring polycyclic aromatic compounds. Compounds with no substituent groups on the rings such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene did not exhibit specific bonding to the... 

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorophenols (PCPs) are well-known artifacts ubiquitous in the present environment. Due to their lipophilic-ity and resistance to metabolism or chemical degradation these have the potential to accumulate in the food chain and cause toxic effects [1, 2]. Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) along with different kinds of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) also occur widely in the environment [3,4]. In particular, alkylated dibenzothiophenes have previously been found to be persistent residues in the marine environment after oil spills. Dibenzothiophene and its alkylated derivatives have been found to accumulate in fish and other marine organisms [5-7]. 

That these effects may rationalize the reactivity of polycyclic aromatic compounds... 

Crude oil did not increase the number of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes. However, in studies of mice treated in vivo crude oil did cause an increase in the number of sister chromatid exchanges at the highest dose tested. No effects were observed in bone-marrow cells or sperm. Sister chromatid exchanges were caused by the aromatic fraction of crude oil in cultured mammalian cells. Crude oil extracts did not induce mutation in bacteria. However, the neutral fractions of crude oil which contain aromatic or polycyclic aromatic compounds generally had mutagenic activity in bacteria. 

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are a significant environmental chemical group, with an associated health effect. PACs includes PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon), PASH (polycyclic aromatic sulfur hydrocarbon), and PANH (polycyclic aromatic nitrogen hydrocarbon). The main PAHs are naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and their alkylated homologs PASHs are benzothiophene and diben-zothiophene PANHs are indole, carbazole, quinoline, and their alkylated derivatives (see Table 1). 

Weyand EH, Amin S, Sodhi R, et al. 1991c. Effects of methyl substitution on the metabolism and binding of benz[e]acephenanthrylene. In Garriques P, Lamotte M, eds. Polycyclic aromatic compounds. Synthesis, properties, analytical measurements, occurence, and biological effects. Proceedings of the thirteenth international symposium on polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Philadelphia, PA Gordon and Breach. 

Increased cancer risk caused by carcinogens in the work-place is also well-established. In addition to the effects of benzpyrene and other polycyclic aromatic compounds already mentioned, the high incidence of mesothelioma, a rare lung cancer amongst those exposed to the blue asbestos fibres is irrefutable. There is also good evidence that other cancers have been caused by such diverse chemicals as vinyl chloride (used in the manufacture... 

Simple HMO calculations have had marginal success in correlating the reactivity of series of polycyclic aromatic compounds, as we shall see shortly. Little success was achieved with substituted benzenes, however, since HMO calculations are not adequate for describing effects that originate in the interaction of the ring with heteroatomic substituents. The more complete semiempirical methods that have been available since the mid-1960 s show more promise. 

The intramolecular arylative coupling of suitably linked haloaryl-arenes is also generally effective for the construction of polycyclic aromatic compounds (Scheme 10.2b, ii). 

Animal experiments with unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic compounds have shown some of the compounds with four and more rings to be carcinogenic with naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene, no carcinogenic effects have been established. 

Wu J (2007) Polycyclic aromatic compounds for organic field-effect transistors molecular design and syntheses. Curr Organic Chem 11 1220-1240... 

Feuston et al. (1997) have reported major systemic toxic effects after the dermal application of crude oils to rats. The major effects included reduction in body weight gain and increases in absolute and relative liver and thymus weight. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet count were all affected. These effects were related to concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds found in the crude oil. 

Goldfarb, J.L., Suuberg, E.M., 2008a. The effect of halogen hetero-atoms on the vapor pressures and thermodynamics of polycyclic aromatic compounds measured via the Knudsen effusion technique. J Chem Thermodyn 40,460-466. 

As described earlier, the S Ar involves the reaction of an electrophilic species with an arene nucleophile. There are several types of arenes common to the S Ar reactions substituted benzenes, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and heterocyclic compounds. Substituent effects largely control the chemistry of substituted benzenes and related compounds. This includes both activating and directing effects of substituents on the S Ar reaction. 

Carbonaceous materials are obtained via heat treatment from various sources, including coal, liquefied coal, coke, petroleum, resins, carbon blacks, paraffins, olefins, pitch, tar, polycyclic aromatic compounds (naphthalene, biphenyl, naphthalene sulfonic acid, anthracene sulfonic acid, phenanthrene sulfonic acid, etc.), polymers (polyethylene, polymethylacrylale, polyvinyl chloride, phenol resin, polyacrylonitrile, etc.) [99-101J. This kind of fluids is claimed to. show a strong ER effect, low electric power consumption and excellent durability [101]. Several publications addressed the ER effect and physical properties of carbonaceous ER fluids [102-104]. 

The treatment by ozone can be successfully applied for decomposing mineral oils, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), phenols and some pesticides to biodegradable, nontoxic compounds. It should be noted that although ozone decomposes a great number of microorganisms, the soil microflora can be easily remediated after this treatment [52]. The latter can be carried out on- and out of the contaminated area. A number of problems related to the ozonolysis of organic compounds, the PACs degradation products, the effect of ozone on the soil microflora, the laboratory and pilot results, etc., are discussed. 

Ter-butyl chloride was found to have excellent ability to induce RTP of polycyclic aromatic compounds [54]. Mu et al. [55] investigated the effect of commonly used organic solvent of 1-bromonaphthalene, l-bromo-2-methynaph-thalene, l-bromo-4-methyhiaphthalene and potassium 6-bromo-2-naphthylsul-fate in jS-CD aqueous solution on RTP in the presence of dissolved oxygen. The enhancement effect of the different solvent were in the order cyclohexane > dichloromethane" l,2-dichloroethane chloroform > tetrahydrofu-ran ethylacetate" acetonitrile. The enhancement effect of tetrahydrofuran to all... 

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