Experiments with Animals

The information needed at each of these stages in the life history of the compound relates, first, to hazards involved in a specific use and, second, to the hazard to humans, not to laboratory animals. The needed information, therefore, can be gained adequately only by designing laboratory experiments with animals to cover the pertinent conditions of the specific use. Finally, this information can only be interpreted adequately by those versed in normal and abnormal human physiology and pathology. The interpretation of... 

Phytochemicals have been the subject of many studies evaluating their effects in relation to common chronic human illnesses such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. These studies encounter difficulties in using this information to influence the dietary patterns of consumers because in the past they have used models or experiments with animals. However, in the last decade, researchers have moved away from animal studies in favour of human cell models or human intervention studies. Scientists still need to determine the likely incidence of illness from exposure to known amounts of a given natural compound in the diet and specifically in relation to the complex matrices of whole foods. Therefore, it is inevitable that some animal studies have to be continued for toxicological studies. 

Mechanism of 2,3,7,8-TCDD was not established so far means of specific therapy as to this compound poisoning are not available. Experiments with animals have shown that activated carbon, zeolite (subject to introduction of sorbents immediately after poison), unithiol, Liv-52, carsil, festal, guaranteed survival of 20-50% laboratory rats [6],... 

Chemical Basis of Toxicity There is only one comprehensive theory for the action of ozone on biologic organisms—the theory of Chow and Tappel that the initial event is the formation of lipid peroxide and that successive events are an attempt to detoxify this product. The theory was developed from experiments with animals that showed that exposure to ozone increases malonaldehyde, gluthathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and G-6-PD ... 

Editor Based on your experience with animals and with some of the best current chemical sensing technology, what would you project as the necessary practical sensitivity needed in a chemical sensor ... 

Antibodies require in vivo production with the corresponding expenses associated to animal growing and the social concern about experiments with animals. 

Experiments with animals demonstrate that DDTC could be used in conjunction with cisplatin chemotherapy325,326. For instance, pretreatment with DDTC protects against the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin therapy Wysor et al.327 have demonstrated the trypanocidal potential of cisplatin and tetraethylthiuram disulphide, the disulphide of DDTC... 

The disappearance of the receptors has actually been measured in experiments with animals. 

It has long been known that the adenylic deaminase of blood is increased in shock (Tl). Seligson s experiments with animals in hemorrhagic shock demonstrated that the peripheral blood ammonia was markedly elevated (N4). Further work with this problem showed that the blood ammonia rises during hemorrhagic shock to tremendous levels and that these levels are compatible with the cerebral symptoms noted in shock (H2). Retransfusion of the bled animal does not cause this ammonia level to return completely to normal, and in fact it remains elevated to toxic levels until the death of the animal. A source of this ammonia has been shown to be the intestinal tract, for the highest rise of ammonia is found in the portal system. 

More recent experiments with animals have shown that high-fat diets can also enhance tumorigenesis at sites such as the colon (11) and pancreas (1 2). As in the case of mammary cancer, the experimental results are supported by epidemiological data and this has stimulated much interest in the role of dietary fat in carcinogenesis. 

Papers presented earlier In this symposium described a number of approaches which were used to determine bloavalla-blllty of dietary zinc. Experiments with animal models and human subjects were reported. Most scientists agree that as much Information as possible should be first obtained from In vitro and laboratory animal experiments. However, since results of vitro and animal experiments do not always agree with results of human experiments, research with human subjects Is ultimately required to establish dietary requirements of humans and to determine bloavallabllty of nutrients to humans. 

The assessment of antiviral activity is relatively difficult. As a result, only a few investigators have studied the influence of alkaloids on virus multiplication. Nevertheless, at least 45 alkaloids have been reported with antiviral properties (Table VIII). Only sparteine (527) and cinchonidine 142) have been tested for antiviral activities against a plant virus, the potato X virus. All other evidence for antiviral activities (Table VIII) of alkaloids comes from experiments with animal viruses. Because viral life strategies are related in plants and animals, we suggest that a wider number of plant viruses may be controlled by alkaloids in Nature than the limited data imply. 

Data from Experiments with Animals 3-Quinuclidinly Benzllate (BZ or EA 2277)... 

Experiments with animals show that inhalation of tetranitromethane can produce respiratory tract irritation and severe pneumonia but no methaemoglobin-aemia (1). 

Experiments with animals and humans have demonstrated that only small fractions of absorbed... 

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