Polychlorinated biphenyls emission

Eisenreich, S. J. (2000) Polychlorinated biphenyl emissions to urban atmospheres enhanced concentrations, atmospheric d3mamics and controlling processes. In International Joint Commission Workshop, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2000. 

Murphy TJ, Pormanski LJ, Brownawell B, et al. 1985. Polychlorinated biphenyl emissions to the atmosphere in the Great Lakes region. Municipal landfills and incinerators. Environ Sci Technol 19 924-946. 

SW-846, is used to measure emissions of semivolatile principal organic constituents. Method 0010 is designed to determine destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of POHCs from incineration systems. The method involves a modification of the EPA Method 5 sampling train and may be used to determine particulate emission rates from stationary sources. The method is applied to semivolatile compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, polycyclic organic matter, and other semivolatile organic compounds. 

Janak K, G Becker, A Colmsjo, C Ostman, M Athanasiadou, K Valters, A Bergman (1998) Methyl sulfonyl polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dichloroethene in gray seal tissues determinated by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and atomic emission detection. Environ Toxicol Chem 17 1046-1055. 

In 1997, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Governing Council decided that immediate international action should be taken to protect human health and the environment. International negotiations to reduce and eliminate the emission and discharges of an initial set of 12 POPs were initiated at the Stockholm Convention on POPs in May 2001. The 12 substances that were addressed at the Stockholm Convention were aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichoroethanes (DDTs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), chlordane, toxaphene, heptachlor, hex-achlorobenzene (HCB) and mirex. Basic information and status of major organochlorine pesticides in China are summarized in Table 8.1. 

The toxicity, bioaccumulative potential, and ecological impact of organohalogenated substances such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated d iben zo -pa ra - diox i n s (PCDDs), or polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) have been extensively reviewed.95 98 All are referred to as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), that is, chemical substances that remain in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food chain, and pose a risk to human health and the environment. The international community is calling for action to reduce and then eliminate the production or formation of these substances and to monitor their emission. In this case, the detectability obtainable by analytical methods should be very low, since the limits established for these residues are in the ng per liter range. 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). The PCBs were observed in the stack effluents during the combustion of coal but these compounds were not produced in the combustion process by a de novo synthesis or from precursor compounds. The source of the PCBs was the indoor air used to support the combustion. This indoor air contained 0.11 ug/M3 of PCBs the concentration of PCBs in the stack gas was only 0.02 yg/M3 when coal containing no detectable level of PCBs was burned. For perspective, this emission level should be compared to the average ambient outdoor air level of about 0.006 yg/M3. 

The most relevant problem originating from MSW incineration is flue gas treatment, since untreated incineration flue gas can contain large amounts of macropollutants (e.g., CO, S02, HC1, NOx, particulates) andmicropollutants (e.g., PAHs, mercury compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, furans). The necessity of reducing polluting emissions to levels compatible with existing regulations dictates the adoption of rather sophisticated- and expensive flue gas treatment sections in incineration plants. 

Household wood combustion emissions Insecticides from spraying and application Polychlorinated biphenyls... 

Lewis RG, Martin BE, Sgontz DL, et al. 1985. Measurements of fugitive atmospheric emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls from hazardous waste landfills. Environ Sci Technol 19 986-991. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected as ubiquitous contaminations. Since PCBs are used in a wide field of applications they are not suitable as specific anthropogenic markers. In contrast, the PCB substituents tetrachlorobenzyltoluenes (TCBT) [Structure 6 Appendix] can serve as marker compounds of industrial emissions because of their higher specifity due to their limited technical applications. In Europe... 

Because oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, and other alkanes are completely miscible with dense supercritical water, combustion can occur in this fluid phase. Both flameless oxidation and flaming combustion can take place. This leads to an important application in the treatment of organic hazardous wastes. Nonpolar organic wastes such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are miscible in all proportions in supercritical water and, in the presence of an oxidizer, react to produce primarily carbon dioxide, water, chloride salts, and other small molecules. The products can be selectively removed from solution by dropping the pressure or by cooling. Oxidation in supercritical water can transform more than 99.9 percent of hazardous organic materials into environmentally acceptable forms in just a few minutes. A supercritical water reactor is a closed system that has no emissions into the atmosphere, which is different from an incinerator. 

Falconer RL, Bidleman TF, Gotham WE (1995) Preferential sorption of non- and mono-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls to urban aerosols. Environ Sci Technol 29 1666-1673 Farrar NJ, Smith KEC, Lee RGM et al (2004) Atmospheric emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other persistent organic pollutants during a major anthropogenic combustion event. Environ Sci Technol 38 1681—1685 Finizio A, Mackay D, Bidleman T et al (1997) Octanol-air partition coefficient as a predictor of partitioning of semi-volatile organic chemicals to aerosols. Atmos Environ 31 2289-2296 Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN Jr (1986) Atmospheric chemistry fundamentals and experimental techniques. Wiley, New York... 

The popularity of the BCD can be attributed to the high sensitivity to organohalogen compounds, which include many compounds of environmental interest, including polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides. It is the least selective of the so-called selective detectors but has the highest sensitivity of any contemporary detector. The NPD or thermionic ionization or emission detector is a modified FID in which a constant supply of an alkali metal salt, such as rubidium chloride, is introduced into the flame. It is a detector of choice for analysis of organophosphorus pesticides and pharmaceuticals. The FPD detects specific luminescent emission originating from various excited state species produced in a flame by sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. 

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