International Joint Commission

Ecological Effects of Non-Phosphate Detergent Builders-Final Report on Organic Builders Other than NTA, International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, July 21, 1980. 

Commission, United States and Canada, International Joint Commission, Washington and Ottawa, 1951, 321p. 

Pollution of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the International Section of the St. Lawrence River, Report to the International Joint Commission by the international Lake Erie and Lake Ontario/St. Lawrence Water Pollution Boards, IntematitKial Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, 1969, Vols. 1,2 and 3. 

Report on Great Lakes Water Quality, Report to the International Joint Commission by the Great Lakes Water Quality Board, Windsor, Ontario, 1987, 236p. 

Durham, R.W. Oliver, B.G. J. Great Lakes Res. 1983, P, 160-168. Thomas, R.L. Veik. Intemat. Verein. Limnol. 1981, 21, 1666-1680. Literature Review of the Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances on Great Lakes Biota Fitchko, J., Ed. Report to the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board, International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, 1986, 256p. Allan, R.J. Symp. Biol. Hung. 1989, 38, 217-243. 

Biota of metal forms in natural waters. International Joint Commission Duluth, MN, 1976. 

Leo, A.J. (1975) Calculation of partition coefficients useful in the evaluation of relative hazards of various chemicals in the environment. In Symposium on Structure-Activity Correlations in Studies of Toxicity and Bioconcentration with Aquatic Organisms. G.D. Veith and D.E. Konasewich, Editors, International Joint Commission, Ontario, Canada. 

Hexachloroethane is rarely detected in ambient water. Data reported in the STORET database indicate that the chemical was detectable in only 1 of 882 (0.1%) ambient water samples (Staples et al. 1985). The median concentration for all samples was <10 pg/L. Hexachloroethane was detected in Lake Ontario water, but not in Lake Erie (International Joint Commission 1983). The concentration of hexachloroethane in Lake Ontario was reported at 0.02 ng/L (Oliver and Niimi 1983). It was also identified in leachate from a hazardous waste site in Niagara Falls, New York (Hauser and Bromberg 1982). Hexachloroethane was not detected in 86 samples of urban runoff from 15 cities analyzed for the National Urban Runoff Program (Cole et al. 1984). 

IJC. 1983. An inventory of chemical substances identified in the Great Lakes ecosystem. Vol. I-Summary. Windsor, Ontario International Joint Commission, Great Lakes Water Quality Board. 

The International Joint Commission of the United States and Canada recommend a water quality standard of 0.008 pg/L for the protection of freshwater aquatic life. This standard is based on the study by Mayer et al. (1975), who found that toxaphene at 0.039 pg/L in water caused a significant increase in mortality and a significant decrease in growth of surviving brook trout fry over a 90-day period. The standard of 0.008 pg/L is obtained by applying an uncertainty value of 5. 

International Joint Commission (2003) Status of restoration activities in Great Lakes areas of concern a special report... 

Zarull MA, Hartig JH, Maynard L (1999) Ecological benefits of contaminated sediment remediation in the Great Lakes basin. Sediment Priority Action Committee, Great Lakes Water Quality Board, International Joint Commission... 

Hsu Y-K, Holsen TM (2000) In Using models to develop air toxics reduction strategies Lake Michigan as a test case. International Joint Commission International Air Quality Advisory Board, IJC, Milwaukee, WI... 

International Joint Commission (1987) Revised Great Lakes water quality agreement of 1978—agreement with annexes and terms of reference, between the United States and Canada signed at Ottawa October 16, 1983 as amended by protocol signed November 18, 1987. International Joint Commission Canada and United States, Windsor... 

Eisenreich, S. J. (2000) Polychlorinated biphenyl emissions to urban atmospheres enhanced concentrations, atmospheric d3mamics and controlling processes. In International Joint Commission Workshop, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2000. 

GHK International, Diamond, M. L., et al (2003) Forecast and analysis of urban development in the Great Lakes Basin. Prepared for Scientific Subcommittee of the International Joint Commission, GHK International. 

CELA and Lowell Center for Sustainable Production (2009) The challenge of emerging substances of concern in the Great Lakes Basin a review of chemicals policies and programs in Canada and the United States. International Joint Commission, Multi-Board Work Group on Chemicals of Emerging Concern in the Great Lakes Basin. 

Voldner, E. C., Smith, L., et al (1986) Production, usage and atmospheric emissions of 15 priority toxic chemicals. W.Q.B. Great Lakes Science Advisory Board, International Air Quality Advisory Board, International Joint Commission. 

Jacobson, J. (1994). Children of Great Lakes fish consumers. In Applying Weight of Evidence Issues and Practice. A Report on a Workshop held October 24, 1993 (M. Gilbertson, S. Cole-Misch, eds), pp. 9-15. International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. 

Andrew, R.W., Hodson, P.V., and Konasewich, D.E. "Toxicity to Biota of Metal Forms in Natural Water." Workshop Standing Committee on the Scientific Basis for Water Quality Criteria of the International Joint Commission s Research Advisory Board, Duluth, Minnesota, 329 p., 1976. 

This study was carried out as part of the Task C work of the Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG), International Joint Commission for the Great Lakes, and was funded through the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the State of New York... 

Krishnamurty, K. V. and Reddy, M. M. "The Chemical Analysis of Water and Sediments in the Genesee River Watershed Study" on file in the library of International Joint Commission, Regional Office, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, 1975. 

Vallentyne J. E. and Thomas N. A. (1978) Fifth Year Review of Canada—United States Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. International Joint Commission, Windsor, ON. 

Assistant Director International Joint Commission Detroit, Michigan... 

The principle of reverse onus, or reverse burden of proof, says that when there are scientifically based suspicions of harm about a chemical or product or process, the burden is on the producer or user to convince government authorities, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the product or process should not be restricted and that it is the least-damaging alternative available. This principle was recommended for adoption by the US and Canada in 1990 by the International Joint Commission (IJC, created by the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 to oversee international matters in the Great Lakes). To date, the United States and Canada have not acted on the IJC s recommendation, but Sweden adopted the principle of reverse onus for chemicals in 1990. 

Compiled from Barrett [8] and International Joint Commission [12]. 

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