Particulate emission rate

SW-846, is used to measure emissions of semivolatile principal organic constituents. Method 0010 is designed to determine destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of POHCs from incineration systems. The method involves a modification of the EPA Method 5 sampling train and may be used to determine particulate emission rates from stationary sources. The method is applied to semivolatile compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, polycyclic organic matter, and other semivolatile organic compounds. 

Particulate management in the FCCU is critical because particulate emission rates can vary in response to upsets in the FCCU. For example, failure of the regenerator cyclones can lead to an order of magnitude increase in steady state particulate emission rates and pressure reversal upset incidents can result in massive, short-term particulate emission rates that must be accommodated by the SO2 scrubbing system. 

Figure 5-3. Particulate emission rates from hog-fuel boilers...

Particulate Emissions from Blend Tests. The stack particulate emissions for the baseline and three blend ratios were measured. The effect of blend ratios on the particulate emission rate is shown graphically in Figure 1. In this representation the percent increase of the particulate emission rate over the baseline value for the various blend ratios is plotted for the two higher engine loads at 110° F AMT. 

F AMT. In terms of actual emissions rate based on mass of particulate per heat input, the 50 percent blend at 2600 kW and 110° F AMT was lowest (10.2 ng/J) while the 66.7 percent at 3600 kW and 110° F AMT was the highest (20.9 ng/J). A test of 75 percent blend at 3600 kW and 150° F AMT was observed to have a lower particulate emission rate (16.1 ng/J) than the reported highest value, and similarly a baseline test of 3600 kW and 150° F AMT showed a 42 percent lower particulate emission rate than either the 95° F AMT or the 110° F AMT baseline as shown in Table I. This suggests that increasing the AMT may reduce the particulate emission rate. 

The use of EDS/DF-2 fuel blends in utility diesels provides an acceptable alternative of conventional petroleum-based fuel operation. A blend ratio of approximately 66.7 percent EDS and 33.3 percent DF-2 can be used without engine knocking at an AMT of 110° F. At an AMT of 150° F this ratio can be extended to 75 percent EDS. The major impact of the use of EDS blends appears to be an increase in the particulate emissions rate. 

The effect of EDS/DF-2 blends on particulate emissions was significantly influenced by both blend ratio and engine load. Increasing one or the other or both resulted in an increase in the particulate emissions, though an increase in AMT may reduce the particulate emission rates. No information on particle size or morphology was obtained in this program. 

The actual particulate emission rate is the product of the stack flowrate and the stack flue gas particulate concentration. The stack flowrate is calculated from the velocity measurements provided in the problem statement using the second velocity equation given ... 

Calculate the maximum mass emission rate of particulates in Ib/h that may be emitted. What is the actual particulate emission rate if all the inerts are emitted fi om the stack as fly ash ... 

HWI.6 THEORETICAL FLAME TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION 511 The actual particulates emission rate is... 

Densified fuel pellets may be used as boiler fuel in place of coal in stoker-fired furnaces. Direct substitution of fuel pellets was demonstrated in two informally reported instances with no furnace adjustments. The particulate emission from each of these installations were monitored with the emission rate results shown in Figure 2. As a comparison, the North Carolina Administrative Code allowable particulate emission rate schedule (a function of heating rate) is also shown. The environmentally acceptable particulate emission contributes to the economic justification of the conversion of small-to-medium size steam generators to the use of pelleted biomass fuels. Two such installations are now using pelleted fuels on a routine basis, and a third has concluded the economic benefit by entering into a contract agreement to purchase pelleted fuel. 

Exhaust aftertreatment generally consists of a filter or trap to capture the particulate and a regeneration system to convert it to less harmful materials Trap oxidizer prototype systems have shown themselves capable of 70 to 90 percent reductions from engine out particulate emissions rates and with proper regeneration the ability to achieve these rates for high mileage. Systems have now started to be introduced commercially. 

Cadle SH, Mulawa PA, Ball J, Donase C, Weibel A, Sagebiel JC, Knapp K, Snow R (1997) Particulate emission rates from in use high emitting vehicles recruited in Orange County, California. Environ Sci Technol 31 3405-3412... 

Three types of dryers are used for drying in the monohydrate and direct carbonation processes rotary steam tube, rotary gas-fired, and steam tube fluid bed. Sodium carbonate fines are emitted from all of these dryers. Estimated uncontrolled particulate emission rates, particulate concentrations, and exit gas flow rates extrapolated from EPA test data are presented in Table 53.19 [83,84]. 

The environmental results from the test bum showed that no permit requirements were violated. Con aring the baseline to the 20% tire (energy basis) cofiring test showed lead emission rates were 5% lower and particulate emissions rates were 28% lower. Based on the coal bunkered e last two days of the test at the 20% cofiring rate, the sulfur dioxide emission rate was 13.7% lower than the calculated expected value. Ohio Edison obtained a modification of its operating permit to include up to 20% of total boiler heat input from tires. At this rate, over three million scrap tires could be converted to electricity each year at the Toronto facility. 

Source sampling of particulates requites isokinetic removal of a composite sample from the stack or vent effluent to determine representative emission rates. Samples are coUected either extractively or using an in-stack filter EPA Method 5 is representative of extractive sampling, EPA Method 17 of in-stack filtration. Other means of source sampling have been used, but they have been largely supplanted by EPA methods. Continuous in-stack monitors of opacity utilize attenuation of radiation across the effluent. Opacity measurements are affected by the particle size, shape, size distribution, refractive index, and the wavelength of the radiation (25,26). 

Table 27-21 gives typical values or ranges of these criteria for gas, oil, and coal. The furnace release rates are important, for they establish maximum local absorption rates within safe hmits. They also have a bearing on completeness of combustion and therefore on efficiency and particulate emissions. Limiting heat release on grates (in stoker firing) will minimize carbon loss, control smoke, ana avoid excessive fly a. ... 

Using simplified techniques for estimating the concentrations from area sources, what is the annual average particulate matter concentration for a city with an average wind speed of 3.6 m s and area emission rate of 8 x 10 g s m" ... 

Of the various mechanical properties of a formed catalyst containing zeolite, attrition resistance is probably the most critical. This is particularly the case for FCC catalysts because of the impact on the addihon rate of fresh catalyst, particulate emissions of fines and overall catalyst flow in the reactor and regenerator. Most attrition methods are a relative determination by means of air jet attrition with samples in the 10 to 180 xm size range. For example the ASTM D5757 method attrites a humidified sample of powder with three high velocity jets of humidified air. The fines are continuously removed from the attrition zone by elucidation into a fines collection assembly. The relative attrition index is calculated from the elutriated fines removed at a specific time interval. 

The significant effect of increased combustion rate is an indication that the volume flow rate of the underfire air through the fuel bed has the greatest effect on the particulate emissions. 

The performance of the system was excellent. Stack SO2 was only a small fraction of the design outlet value. The mass outlet SO2 emissions were only 12% of the design values while the tested removal efficiency was 99.92% versus a required design efficiency of 97.90%. Particulate emissions were also very low. The mass emission rate was approximately 24% of the design value while the tested removal efficiency was 92.24% versus the required design removal efficiency of 83.70%. A summary and comparison of this data is in Table 16.4. 

Receptor models are used to determine the source contributions to ambient particulate matter loadings at a sampling site based on common properties between source and receptor. This is in contrast to a source model which starts with emission rates and meteorological measurements to predict an ambient concentration. 

A major limitation of receptor models is their inability to distinguish between specific sources within a source type. Resuspended road dust may be a major cause of standard violations, but until the offending roadways can be pinpointed, a control strategy cannot be implemented. A major limitation of source models is the necessity to estimate emission rates from the many, diverse producers of suspended particulate matter. The receptor model quantifies the source type contributions. Only the major contributors need to be evaluated for the source model, so that resources which might have been used to inventory... 

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