Polyacryl starch

P Stjarnkvist, I Sjoholm, T Laasko. Biodegradable microspheres. XII. Properties of the crosslinking chains in polyacryl starch microparticles. J Pharm Sci 78 52-56, 1989. 

Arthursson P, Edman P, Laakso T, Sjoholm I (1984) Characterization of polyacryl starch microparticles suitable as carrier for proteins and drugs. J Pharm Sci 73 1507-1513. 

Arthursson P, Edman P, Sjoholm I (1985) Biodegradable microspheres II immune response to a heterologous and an autologous protein entrapped in polyacryl starch microparticles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 255-260. 

Sanwet [HoechstCelane8e HoechstAG] Sodium polyacrylate starch. 

Santyl . See Collagenase Sanwet COS-905, Sanwet COS-915, Sanwet COS-960 Sanwet COS-965. See Sodium polyacrylate starch... 

Regulatory FDA 21CFR 173.5, limitation 2.5 ppm Sodium polyacrylate starch Definition Polymer of sodium acrylate grafted with starch... 

Sodium DVB/acrylates copolymer Sodium hyaluronate Sodium polyacrylate starch Sodium polymethacrylate Sodium polystyrene sulfonate Sodium PVM/MA/decadiene crosspolymer Sodium styrene/acrylates copolymer Sodium tauride acrylates/acrylic acid/acrylonitrogens copolymer Soluble collagen Starch/acrylates/acrylamide copolymer Starch diethylaminoethyl ether Steareth-10 allyl ether/acrylates copolymer Stearylvinyl ether/MA copolymer ... 

Sodium ceteth-13 carboxylate Sodium hyaluronate Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate Sodium magnesium silicate Sodium polyacrylate starch... 

However, when administered into the body, the particulate carriers are inevitably exposed to an attack firom the immune system, which protects the body from invasion by foreign products. Thus, injected particles are removed from blood via recognition by phagocytic cells [essentially macrophages located in the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), mainly in the liver and spleen]. For example, 50-90% of polystyrene latex particles disappear firom blood within the first five minutes after injection (Ilium et al, 1987). The same fate is observed in the case of particles made of other materials, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) (Bazile et al, 1992), polycyanoacrylate (Kreuter et al, 1979), polyacryl starch (Laakso et al, 1986), or albumin (Gottlieb ei a/., 1990). 

Fluid loss controlling agents filtrate or fluid loss reducers serve to decrease fluid loss. The drilling mud fluid loss property is a measure of the liquid phase tendency to pass through the filter cake. Examples of this type include names such as polyacrylates, starch, and carboxymethyl starch. 

Suitable protective coUoids for the preparation of acryhc suspension polymers include ceUulose derivatives, polyacrylate salts, starch, poly(vinyl alcohol), gelatin, talc, clay, and clay derivatives (95). These materials are added to prevent the monomer droplets from coalescing during polymerisation (110). Thickeners such as glycerol, glycols, polyglycols, and inorganic salts ate also often added to improve the quahty of acryhc suspension polymers (95). 

In the case of boilers operating at low pressure, organic materials such as natural and modified tannins, starches, or alginates are added to aid blowdown. For boilers operating at high pressure, synthetic materials such as polyacrylates and polymethacrylates have been developed. The most commonly used chemicals for boiler feedwater treatment are phosphates and hydrazine. 

The GBR resin works well for nonionic and certain ionic polymers such as various native and derivatized starches, including sodium carboxymethylcel-lulose, methylcellulose, dextrans, carrageenans, hydroxypropyl methylcellu-lose, cellulose sulfate, and pullulans. GBR columns can be used in virtually any solvent or mixture of solvents from hexane to 1 M NaOH as long as they are miscible. Using sulfonated PDVB gels, mixtures of methanol and 0.1 M Na acetate will run many polar ionic-type polymers such as poly-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acids, and poly aniline/ polystyrene sulfonic acid. Sulfonated columns can also be used with water glacial acetic acid mixtures, typically 90/10 (v/v). Polyacrylic acids run well on sulfonated gels in 0.2 M NaAc, pH 7.75. 

In addition to carbonates and/or phosphates, a variety of substances have also been used to act as sludge conditioners —e.g. starches, lignins, polyacrylates etc. Other substances, such as nitrites and sulphates are claimed to have some value in the suppression of caustic cracking (see Section 5.1). 

Synthetic products, e.g., polyethylene oxides(104), polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, and polyetherglycols were in competition with natural polymers like starch, guar, cellulose derivatives, alignates, carrageenan, and locust bean gum. The basic physical and structural properties of the various polysaccharide thickeners have been compiled and reviewed by numerous authors and editors(105-109). 

Though animal glue was used as an adhesive for more than 3000 years but its commercial manufacture started only in 1808. Later on starch, casein and rubber based adhesives also came into use. After 1940, several synthetic resin adhesives have been developed. Polyacrylates are used commercially. 

Bouckaert et al. [42] tested buccal tablets of miconazole based on modified starch-polyacrylic acid mixtures. Although these tablets showed different mucoadhe-sion properties in vitro, no significant differences in the salivary content of miconazole could be observed in human volrmteers. 

Before weaving, the warp is covered with a layer of polymer to withstand the mechanical stress (abrasion, tension) during weaving. These polymer coatings are so-called sizes. Normally native starch, modified starch like carboxymethyl-starch (CMS), carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC), polyvinylalcohols (PVA), polyacrylates, and proteins can be used. The amount of added polymer for staple yarns like Co is between 8 and 20% of the weight of the warp. As a result, in many cases the final amount of polymer to be removed in the desizing step is approximately 5-10% of the weight of the fabric. 

A number of polymers exhibit this hydration property. Natural products such as cellulose and starch are or can be made water soluble. Synthetics such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylic acid are also soluble in water. This discussion will be limited to synthetic materials such as polyacrylic acid and its salts, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, and polyurethane... 

Polycarbophil-based bioadhesive tablets of metronidazole were tested for adhesion on bovine submaxillary mucin [74]. In a more recent study, metronidazole tablets based on a mixture of modified starch-polyacrylic acid showed an increased potential for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis [75]. 

Different drug delivery systems have been proposed for vaginal delivery of peptides and proteins. The first one was a mucoadhesive gel based on polyacrylic acid intended for vaginal administration of insulin [96]. More recently, microparticulate systems such as starch and hyaluronan ester (HYAFF) microspheres have been proposed for vaginal delivery of insulin... 

Superabsorbent polymers are now commonly made from the polymerization of acrylic acid blended with sodium hydroxide in the presence of an initiator to form a polyacrylic acid, sodium salt (sometimes referred to as cross-linked sodium polyacrylate). Some of the polymers include polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxy-methyl-cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, and starch grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile to name a few. The latter is one of the oldest SAP forms created. 

An interesting possible application in our society is in super absorbers, which are currently made with polyacrylates, but these suffer from poor biodegradability. Since the demand for short-use super absorbers is growing, a product with a short lifetime and therefore a quick and safe disposal is required. Carboxylated starch can be such a product, but first, an efficient method to oxidize starch needs to be developed. Currently used methods produce stoichiometric amounts of waste products, so the search for a catalytic process is ongoing. 

Research on nasal powder drug delivery has employed polymers such as starch, dextrans, polyacrylic acid derivatives (e.g., carbopol, polycarbophil), cellulose derivatives (microcrystalline cellulose, semicrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose), chitosan, sodium alginate, hyaluronans, and polyanhydrides such as poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) (PVM/MA). Many of these polymers have already been used as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations and are often referred to as first-generation bioadhesives [38-45], In nasal dry powder a single bioadhesive polymer or a... 

For the analysis of water-soluble polymers (such as surfactants, oligosaccharides, PEGS, lignosulfonates, polyacrylates, polysaccharides, PVA, cellulose derivatives, PEG, polyacrylic acids, polyacrylamides, hyaluronic acids, CMC, starches, gums) and for separations of oligomers and small molecules, columns that are comprised of macroporous material with hydrophilic functionalities may be used. The requirement for these columns in SEC mode is to eliminate or minimize ionic and hydrophobic effects that make aqueous SEC (otherwise known as GFC) very demanding. The interaction of analytes with neutral, ionic, and hydrophobic moieties must be suppressed. It is often necessary to modify the eluent (addition of salt) in order to avoid sample-to-sample and sample-to-column interactions that can result in poor aqueous SEC separations and low recoveries. 

Hybrid fluorocarbons (dual action block copolymers), or polyacrylic acid esters or polyethylene terephthalate block copolymers Anionic polymers such as polyacrylates and CMC in alkaline washing liquors or sulfonates repulse partly negatively charged soil particles or micelles, including dispersed soil particles PVA, CMC, starch... 

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