Nasal powders

Benefits Associated with Nasal Powder Drug Delivery... 

Research on nasal powder drug delivery has employed polymers such as starch, dextrans, polyacrylic acid derivatives (e.g., carbopol, polycarbophil), cellulose derivatives (microcrystalline cellulose, semicrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose), chitosan, sodium alginate, hyaluronans, and polyanhydrides such as poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) (PVM/MA). Many of these polymers have already been used as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations and are often referred to as first-generation bioadhesives [38-45], In nasal dry powder a single bioadhesive polymer or a... 

J. P. (2006), Influence of deposition and spray pattern of nasal powders on insulin bioavailability, Int. J. Pharm., 310,1-7. 

Callens, C., Adriaens, E., Dierckens, K., and Remon, J. P. (2001),Toxicological evaluation of a bioadhesive nasal powder containing a starch and Carbopol 974 P on rabbit nasal mucosa and slug mucosa, J. Controlled Release, 76, 81-91. 

Jelena Filipovig-Grcic, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, Nasal Powder Drug Delivery... 

Recently, nasal powder vaccines have been investigated. Vaccines are usually formulated as liquid inject-ables or as lyophilized powder, which have to be... 

The particle size of nasal powders is not regarded as critical as for inhalation powders. For inhalation, the particle size should be in the range of 1-5 pm. To allow deposition in the nasal cavity, this fine particular fraction... 

Gallens G, Geulemans J, Ludwig A, et al. Rheological study on mucoadheslvlty of some nasal powder formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003 55 323-328. 

Formulations for nasal application need to be sterile and free of cilliotoxic substances. Solutions may be applied via pump dispensers. Nasal powders on the other side require special application systems like, for example, the Jetilizer [25]. This system follows a twin construction pattern with two nozzles. The capsule containing the particle-based formulation is opened by needles. A pump-activated air stream aerosolizes the powder in an equilibrium chamber. After passing a conical tube, the powder is applied with a high deposition rate to the absorption area within the nose. 

Nasal spray Inhalation spray Inhalation solutions and suspensions Metered dose inhaler MDI Dry powder inhaler DPI, device metered Dry powder inhaler DPI, pre-metered Not included Non-pressurized metered dose nasal spray Nasal single use sprays Non-pressurized metered dose inhaler Product for nebuhzation (single and multiple use) Pressurized metered dose nasal sprays Pressurized metered dose inhaler Dry Powder Inhaler, device metered Nasal powders, device metered Dry Powder Inhaler, pre-metered Nasal drops (single and multiple use)... 

Stability test Pressurized metered dose nasal spray Pressurized metered dose inhaler Dry powder inhaler and nasal powders, device metered Dry powder inhaler pre-metered... 

Nasal powders for insufflation (i.e. with corticosteroids) are on the market as an alternative to sprays, but powders seem to give more risk of irritation and bleeding [3]. 

Nasal drops and liquid nasal sprays are solutions, emulsions or suspensions intended for instillation or spraying into the nasal cavities. Nasal powders or nasal insufflation powders are intended for insufflation into the nasal cavity by means of a suitable device. The size of the particles are such as to localise their deposition in the nasal cavity. In nasal sticks and so-called inhalation ointments mostly volatile active substances are formulated in a fatty base. Nasal washes are generally aqueous iso-osmotic solutions intended to cleanse the nasal cavity. If they are intended for application on injured parts of the mucosa, or prior to a surgical operation, they have to be sterile. Nasal powders and nasal sticks are not very common in pharmacy practice. Therefore they are not discussed in this chapter. 

---