Polyacrylic acid esters

COOR Polyacrylic acid esters OR Polyvinyl ethers COCH3 Polymethylvinylketone... 

Hybrid fluorocarbons (dual action block copolymers), or polyacrylic acid esters or polyethylene terephthalate block copolymers Anionic polymers such as polyacrylates and CMC in alkaline washing liquors or sulfonates repulse partly negatively charged soil particles or micelles, including dispersed soil particles PVA, CMC, starch... 

In addition to ABS, with polybutadiene as the elastifying component, there is another forerunner among the polymer products formulated for low-temperature impact resistance, PVC-U. Elastifying ligands include EVAC, EVAC/VC graft polymer, PAEA C (polyacrylic acid ester/vinyl chloride copolymer), ACE (acrylic ester/MMA graft polymer) as well as the chlorinated low-pressure polyethylene PE-C in use for over 35 years. All of the polymer blends listed here are suitable for outdoor applications since they contain no unsaturated components. Polybutadiene-modified products are better suited to interior applications, for example MBS, a methylmethacrylate/butadiene/styrene graft polymer [55]. 

Hydroxyl groups in polymer chains impart hydrophilicity and water-solubility to the polymer. They form strong hydrogen bonds which increase the T of the polymers. Ester side group polymers can be polyacrylic acid esters, polymethacrylic acid esters, or esters of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), see Figure 6.15. 

Figure 20 Increment of the light intensity of an electro-optical display using the ER fluid against the particle weight fraction and the electric field strength. The ER fluid is an inorganic/organic composite particle with Ti02 core coated with copolymer such as polyacrylic acid ester dispersed in the 100 cSt silicone oil. Reproduced with permission from ref. K. Akashi, IE Anzai, K. Edamura, and Y. Otsubo, European Patent 0 697 615,1996.

The use of adhesives in medical applications has been restricted, for some time, to the manufacture of self-adhesive bandages (plasters, self-adhesive strips of fabric, etc.). The first pressure-sensitive adhesives used for this were based on natural rubber, concocted decades ago. This first usage was later partly superseded by synthetic rubbers (e.g., polyisoprene, polyisobutylene). In die mid-twentieth century, pressure-sensitive adhesives based on polyacrylic acid esters gained predominance in general use and in the composition of bandage materials. 

Carboxylic acid hydiazides are prepared from aqueous hydrazine and tfie carboxylic acid, ester, amide, anhydride, or halide. The reaction usually goes poody with the free acid. Esters are generally satisfactory. Acyl halides are particularly reactive, even at room temperature, and form the diacyl derivatives (22), which easily undergo thermal dehydration to 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (23). Diesters give dihydtazides (24) and polyesters such as polyacrylates yield a polyhydrazide (25). The chemistry of carboxyhc hydrazides has been reviewed (83,84). 

Hayama et al.132 discussed the catalytic effects of silver ion-polyacrylic add systems toward the hydrolyses of 2,4-dinitrophenylvinylacetate 84 (DNPVA) by using the weak nudeophilicity of carboxylic groups and the change-transfer interactions between olefinie esters and silver ions133Metal complexes of basic polyelectrolytes are also stimulating as esterase models. Hatano etal. 34, 13S) reported that some copper(II)-poly-L-lysine complexes were active for the hydrolyses of amino acid esters, such as D- and L-phenylalanine methyl ester 85 (PAM). They... 

The highest PGM recovery was achieved using collector PM443, which is an amine + ester-modified xanthate. Among the chromium slime depressants evaluated, modified mixtures of organic acids, RQ depressants and a low-molecular-weight polyacrylic acid + pyrophosphate mixture were there. The effect of different chromium depressants on chromium assays of the PGM concentrate are illustrated in Figure 18.7. 

Emulsion paints are based on aqueous synthetic resin dispersions, which afford a lacquer-like paint film. The resin dispersions which are commonly used by the paint industry contain water as the carrier phase. A large number of such dispersions are available, based on different resins such as poly(vinyl acetate), which may be employed as a copolymer with vinyl chloride, maleic dibutyl ester, ethylene, acrylic acid esters, polyacrylic resin, and copolymers of the latter with various monomers, as well as styrene-butadiene or poly(vinyl propionate). These disper-... 

Acrylic acid and its salts are raw materials for an important range of esters, including methyl, ethyl, butyl, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylates. The acid and its esters are used in polyacrylic acid and salts (32%, including superabsorbent polymers, detergents, water treatment chemicals, and dispersants), surface coatings (18%), adhesives and sealants (15%), textiles and non-wovens (12%), plastic modifiers (5%), and paper coating (3%). 

Seven other possible pentad sequences (mmmr, rrmr, mmrm, mmrr, mrmr, mrrm, and rmmr) are atactic. Residues R may be CH3 for polypropylene, C6H5 for polystyrene, Cl for polyvinyl chloride, CN for polyacrylonitrile, and C02CH3 for polyacrylic acid methyl ester. 

Different drug delivery systems have been proposed for vaginal delivery of peptides and proteins. The first one was a mucoadhesive gel based on polyacrylic acid intended for vaginal administration of insulin [96]. More recently, microparticulate systems such as starch and hyaluronan ester (HYAFF) microspheres have been proposed for vaginal delivery of insulin... 

When hydrolyzed in water, the resulting diacid exhibits two pKs ( 3 and 8) the half ester as expected has one pKa typical of polycarboxylic acids. A cross-linked version of this polymer, referred to as Stabileze, thickens a variety of formulations by expanding its hydrodynamic volume when neutralized. Because of the low pKa of the vicinal diacids, Stabileze acquires a negative charge at lower pH than competitive cross-linked polyacrylic acids (carbomers). This allows for efficient thickening at lower pHs similar to that found on moist skin, which in turn allows products to perform at optimum pH as desired by skin-care product formulators (63). 

Alkyd and polyester resins, epoxy compounds, phenol-formaldehyde resin, urea and/or melamine-aldehyde resin, cyclic urea resin, carbamide acid ester formaldehyde resin, ketone formaldehyde resin, polyurethane, polyvinylester, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride and polymer mixtures, polyethylene, polystryrene, styrene mixtures and graft copolymers, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyvinyl ether, polyacrylic and methacrylic acid esters, polyvinyl flouride, polyvinylidene chloride copolymers, UV and/or electron irradiated lacquers. 

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) Methylcellulose (MC) Polvinyl alcohol (PVA) Polyacrylic acid (PAA) Poly (meth) acrylic acid ester (PMAA) Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) Polyethylene glycols (PEG) White wax... 

Acrylic acid is almost exclusively used directly, or after conversion to an ester, as a monomer. Acrylate esters are produced by normal esterification processes. However, in dealing with acrylic acid, acrolein, or acrylates, unusual care must be taken to minimize losses due to polymerization and other side reactions such as additions of water, acids, or alcohols across the reactive double bond. Polyacrylic acids find use in superabsorbers, dispersants, and water treatment. The polyesters are used in surface coatings, textile fibers, adhesives, and various other applications. 

Salicylic acid and its acetyl ester (aspirin) (127-129) and polyacrylic acid (130-132) have been reported to induce systemic resistance against TMV and TNV, in tobacco. The resistance appears similar to that in resistant cultivars. 

The glass transition point of these materials decreases as the number of carbons in the alcohol increases. Thermal stability and pyrolysis products of polyacrylates have been thoroughly studied [23-29]. Some literature results regarding thermal decomposition of poly(acrylic acid esters) are summarized in Table 6.7.4 [6]. 

For more than decades, acrylic acid has served as an essential building block in the production of some of our most commonly used industrial and consumer products. Approximately two-thirds of the acrylic acid manufactured in the United States is used to produce acrylic esters - methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate -which, when polymerized, are ingredients in paints, coatings, textiles, adhesives, plastics, and many other applications. The remaining one-third of the acrylic acid is used to produce polyacrylic acid, or cross-linked polyacrylic acid compounds, which have been successfully used in the manufacture of hygienic... 

The hydrolysis/elimination reaction of the f-butyl methacrylate brushes is not easily driven to full conversion. Whereas linear f-butyl methacrylate chains are fully converted to polyacrylic acid in dioxane with catalytic amounts of toluene sulfonic acid the cylindrical brush structures precipitated at about 50% conversion (sample PMA-PBMA31-MAS50). Complete cleavage of the ester groups was achieved, however, by dissolving the partial-... 

Mixtures of the methyl and butyl esters of polyacrylic acid... 

U.S. 5154847 (1992) LaPetina et al. (Helene Curtis) Ethylene-maleic anhydride resin or polyacrylic acid resin, and alkanolamide and/or wax ester Improved suspending stability improved foaming properties... 

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