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Polonium-210

Polonium is a silver-grey, radioactive metal. Discovered by chemist Marie Curie in 1898, polonium was named after her country of origin (Poland). Curie discovered the element while analyzing samples of pitchblende, or uranium ore, from Bohemia. She found that unrefined pitchblende was more radioactive than the uranium extracted from it. Small amounts of polonium and another radioactive element, radium, were later obtained from the refined ore. [Pg.1]

Polonium is found in the earth s crust at exceedingly low levels its natural abundance is only 2 x 10 ° milligrams per kilogram. Polonium is produced in pitchblende when the bismuth isotope °Bi, which has a half-fife of five days, decays into °Po. Approximately 100 micrograms of polonium are found in 1 ton of uranium ore. Polonium can also be produced by bombarding ° Bi with neutrons to form °Bi, which in turn decays into °Po. [Pg.1]

Polonium has more isotopes than any other element. The most common isotope is °Po, which has a half-life of 138.4 days. Other isotopes have half-lives ranging from less than 1 second to 102 years ( °To). Polonium burns in air to form polonium (IV) oxide (P0O2) and reacts with halogens to form tetrahalides (e.g., P0CI4, PoBr4, P0I4). It also dissolves readily in dilute acids. [Pg.1]

Polonium is a strong emitter of a-particles approximately 1 gram of °Po emits 140 watts of heat energy. For this reason, it is used as a source of thermoelectric power in satellites. It is also utilized as a source of neutrons (when mixed with beryllium), as an antistatic device in industrial equipment, and in brushes that remove dust from photographic film, see also Curie, Marie Sklodowska Halogens Radioactivity Radium Uranium. [Pg.1]

David R., ed. (2003). In The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th edition. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. [Pg.1]

The reactions of polonium vapour with both Main-group and Transition-group IV elements have been studied. Polonium vapour did not react with Si, Ta, or Zr carbides, but did react with tin at 370 °C to give a tin polonide, which dissociated at 670 °C to the elements. [Pg.393]

ATOMIC MASS 210 amu VALENCE 2, 4, and 6 OXIDATION STATE -62 and-64 NATURAL STATE Solid [Pg.241]

ORIGIN OF NAME Named for Poland, the native country of Marie Curie, who discovered the element. [Pg.241]

ISOTOPES There are 41 isotopes of polonium. They range from Po-188 to Po-219. All of them are radioactive with half-lives ranging from a few milliseconds to 102 years, the latter for its most stable isotope Po-209. Polonium is involved with several radioactive decay series, including the actinium series, Po-211 and Po-215 the thorium series, Po-212 and Po-216 and the uranium decay series, Po-210, Po-214, and Po-218. [Pg.241]

Most of the known chemistry of polonium is based on the naturally occurring radioactive isotope polonium-210, which is a natural radioactive decay by-product of the uranium decay series. Its melting point is 254°C, its boiling point is 962°C, and its density is 9.32g/cm.  [Pg.242]

Po-210 is a strong emitter of alpha particles. One gram of Po-210 will produce about 140 watts of energy, making it ideal as a lightweight thermoelectric power source for space vehicles. It has a half-life of 138.39 days. [Pg.242]

The separation of Po and °Bi from 2i pb may be accomplished by drying on to a platinum surface followed by selective desorption with appropriate solvents. A new isomer with a half-life of 58 2 ms has been observed in 205po by the reactions Pb(a,6n) Po and ° Pb(a,3n) Po, with 69 MeV and 38 MeV a-particles, respectively. The Po activity of the lunar surface is significantly higher than the activity of its progenitor Rn according to measurements made with the Apollo 16 aO spectrometer. There are large variations and well-localized enhancements in Po activity over much of the lunar surface. [Pg.649]

In 1798 Martin Klaproth, who had earlier discovered and named uranium, isolated the same silvery white metal from the same problematical ore. Klaproth, however, recognized that he and Muller had isolated a new element for which he suggested the name tellurium, meaning earth. He properly acknowledged the prior work of the Baron, who is consequently listed as its discoverer. Later it was found that tellurium does occasionally exist as the free element but more often than not exists as the gold telluride. Oddly, workers who process this ore and the metal derived from it acquire a garUc-Hke odor to their breath, a condition referred to (rather honestly but certainly not flatteringly) as tellurium breath. [Pg.501]

Berzelius also discovered or codiscovered cerium and thorium and was the first to isolate zirconium. He determined the atomic weights of nearly all the elements known at the time, wrote an extremely well-regarded multivolume textbook, and generally was the most influential chemist of his time. He was so famous that medallions carrying his portrait were cast from selenium and, although very rare, stiU exist today. [Pg.501]

Twenty-seven polonium isotopes, none of them stable, are now known, but only polonium-210 has been produced in sufficient quantities (milligrams) for chemical investigations. Due to its self-heating ability, polonium is a potential lightweight [Pg.502]

The latter constant is the same as derived by Bidleman, but the former differs by about 0.4 log units. The constant derived in the present review for log = —5.9 is in very good agreement with the value derived from the data of Schumb and Rittner (1943). [Pg.884]

Reported data for the stability constants of monomeric hydrolysis species of bismuth(III) are listed in Table 15.3. Accepted data are solely taken from data reported at zero ionic strength or from perchlorate media. Although there is a reasonable amount of data acquired from measurements in nitrate media, and that for a number of the species these data do not appear inconsistent with those from perchlorate media, the nitrate data are not retained due to inconsistencies within the reported data where nitrate media have been used and inconsistencies with perchlorate media for the stability constants of the higher monomeric hydrolysis species. [Pg.884]

The reported data for the solubility constants of polymeric species of bis-muth(III) are listed in Table 15.4. There have only been a few values reported for each of the polymeric species that are believed to form with bismuthflll). [Pg.884]


There are two procedures for doing this. The first makes use of a metal probe coated with an emitter such as polonium or Am (around 1 mCi) and placed above the surface. The resulting air ionization makes the gap between the probe and the liquid sufficiently conducting that the potential difference can be measured by means of a high-impedance dc voltmeter that serves as a null indicator in a standard potentiometer circuit. A submerged reference electrode may be a silver-silver chloride electrode. One generally compares the potential of the film-covered surface with that of the film-free one [83, 84]. [Pg.116]

The more metallic nature of polonium is shown by the fact that it dissolves not only in concentrated nitric and sulphuric acids but also in hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids. [Pg.267]

This has been made in trace quantities by the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on magnesium plated with polonium. As expected, it is extremely unstable and decomposes even at 100 K,... [Pg.284]

Poland, native country of Mme. Curie) Polonium, also called Radium F, was the first element discovered by Mme. Curie in 1898 while seeking the cause of radioactivity of pitchblend from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The electroscope showed it separating with bismuth. [Pg.148]

Polonium is a very rare natural element. Uranium ores contain only about 100 micrograms of the element per ton. Its abundance is only about 0.2% of that of radium. [Pg.148]

In 1934, scientists discovered that when they bombarded natural bismuth (209Bi) with neutrons, 210Bi, the parent of polonium, was obtained. Milligram amounts of polonium may now be prepared this way, by using the high neutron fluxes of nuclear reactors. [Pg.148]

Polonium is available commercially on special order from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. [Pg.148]

Polonium-210 is a low-melting, fairly volatile metal, 50% of which is vaporized in air in 45 hours at 55C. It is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 138.39 days. A milligram emits as many alpha particles as 5 g of radium. [Pg.148]

Polonium is readily dissolved in dilute acids, but is only slightly soluble in alkali. Polonium slats of organic acids char rapidly halide amines are reduced to the metal. [Pg.148]

Because almost all alpha radiation is stopped within the solid source and its container, giving up its energy, polonium has attracted attention for uses as a lightweight heat source for thermoelectric power in space satellites. [Pg.149]

Polonium can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a source of neutrons. The element has been used in devices for eliminating static charges in textile mills, etc. however, beta sources are both more commonly used and less dangerous. It is also used on brushes for removing dust from photographic films. The polonium for these is carefully sealed and controlled, minimizing hazards to the user. [Pg.149]

Twenty five isotopes of polonium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 194 to 218. Polonium-210 is the most readily available. Isotopes of mass 209 (half-life 103 years) and mass 208 (half-life 2.9 years) can be prepared by alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron, but these are expensive to produce. [Pg.149]

Metallic polonium has been prepared from polonium hydroxide and some other polonium compounds in the presence of concentrated aqueous or anhydrous liquid ammonia. Two allotropic modifications are known to exist. [Pg.149]

Polonium-210 is very dangerous to handle in even milligram or microgram amounts, and special equipment and strict control is necessary. Damage arises from the complete absorption of the energy of the alpha particle into tissue. [Pg.149]

The maximum permissible body burden for ingested polonium is only 0.03 microcuries, which represents a particle weighing only 6.8 x IO-12 g. Weight for weight it is about 2.5 x lOii times as toxic as hydrocyanic acid. The maximum allowable concentration for soluble polonium compounds in air is about 2 x lO-ii microcuries/cnu. [Pg.149]

Gr. aktis, aktinos, beam or ray). Discovered by Andre Debierne in 1899 and independently by F. Giesel in 1902. Occurs naturally in association with uranium minerals. Actinium-227, a decay product of uranium-235, is a beta emitter with a 21.6-year half-life. Its principal decay products are thorium-227 (18.5-day half-life), radium-223 (11.4-day half-life), and a number of short-lived products including radon, bismuth, polonium, and lead isotopes. In equilibrium with its decay products, it is a powerful source of alpha rays. Actinium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with lithium vapor at about 1100 to 1300-degrees G. The chemical behavior of actinium is similar to that of the rare earths, particularly lanthanum. Purified actinium comes into equilibrium with its decay products at the end of 185 days, and then decays according to its 21.6-year half-life. It is about 150 times as active as radium, making it of value in the production of neutrons. [Pg.157]

Another area where controlled-potential coulometry has found application is in nuclear chemistry, in which elements such as uranium and polonium can be determined at trace levels. Eor example, microgram quantities of uranium in a medium of H2SO4 can be determined by reducing U(VI) to U(IV) at a mercury working electrode. [Pg.502]

Radon-222 [14859-67-7] Rn, is a naturally occuriing, iaert, radioactive gas formed from the decay of radium-226 [13982-63-3] Ra. Because Ra is a ubiquitous, water-soluble component of the earth s cmst, its daughter product, Rn, is found everywhere. A major health concern is radon s radioactive decay products. Radon has a half-life of 4 days, decayiag to polonium-218 [15422-74-9] Po, with the emission of an a particle. It is Po, an a-emitter having a half-life of 3 min, and polonium-214 [15735-67-8] Po, an a-emitter having a half-life of 1.6 x lO " s, that are of most concern. Polonium-218 decays to lead-214 [15067-28A] a p-emitter haviag = 27 min, which decays to bismuth-214 [14733-03-0], a p-emitter haviag... [Pg.381]


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Acids polonium

Bismuth and Polonium

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Bonds polonium oxides

Compounds of Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium

Curie, Marie Sklodowska polonium isolated

Fluorides polonium metal

Group 16 elements Tellurium, Polonium

Group 16 elements polonium

Half-life period polonium

Isomers, polonium

LANTHANUM.153 POLONIUM

Other Polonium Compounds

Pitchblende polonium from

Platinum Polonium

Po POLONIUM

Pollutants Polonium

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