Polonium charged

Polonium can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a source of neutrons. The element has been used in devices for eliminating static charges in textile mills, etc. however, beta sources are both more commonly used and less dangerous. It is also used on brushes for removing dust from photographic films. The polonium for these is carefully sealed and controlled, minimizing hazards to the user. 

Polonium is a radioactive, low-melting metalloid. It is a useful source of a particles (helium-4 nuclei they are described in more detail in Section 15.11) and is used in antistatic devices in textile mills the a particles reduce static by counteracting the negative charges that tend to build up on the fast-moving fabric. 

There are a series of papers that focus on the behavior of the radon decay products and their interactions with the indoor atmosphere. Previous studies (Goldstein and Hopke, 1983) have elucidated the mechanisms of neutralization of the Po-218 ionic species in air. Wilkening (1987) reviews the physics of small ions in the air. It now appears that the initially formed polonium ion is rapidly neutralized, but can become associated with other ions present. Reports by Jonassen (1984) and Jonassen and McLaughlin (1985) suggest that only 5 to 10% of the decay products are associated with highly mobile ions and that much of the activity is on large particles that have a bipolar charge distribution. 

Rutherford s work involved the use of alpha (a) particles, a type of emission previously observed to be given off by a number of naturally occurring radioactive elements, including radium, polonium, and radon. Rutherford knew that alpha particles are about 7000 times more massive than electrons and that they have a positive charge that is twice the magnitude of the charge on an electron, but opposite in sign. 

Point charge, field strength of, 210 Poiseuille flow, 156-157 Poisson s equation, 212, 215-216 Polarization force, 218 Polarization of light, 290 incident, 282 scattered, 284 Pollen spores, 319-320 Pollution, air, 225 Polonium-210 particles, 140 Polydisperse aerosols, 3,13 and coagulation, 308 concentration of, 88 and scattering, 289-294 size of, 4... 

The average ionic charge of polonium species in chloride solutions was measured using an anion-exchange method. The method is based on measurements of the distribution ratio of polonium at a constant internal chloride ion concentration of the anion-exchanger phase. At TOM hydrochloric acid or sodium chloride solutions at pH of 1.0, tracer concentration of Po(IV) exist in the amionic forms [PoCLi(OH)] and [PoCl4(OH)2].-2... 

Notice that Tve written each atom or particle with a new notation. The subscript in front of each symbol gives the atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) and the superscript in front of each symbol gives the atomic mass (the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus). This is common notation in radioactive decay, so you can keep track of the number of protons and neutrons. Also notice that because the radon lost a couple of protons, it transformed into a new atom—polonium. The symbol for the helium nucleus is written with 2+ as a superscript because it has a charge of +2. Remember... 

Polonium has a few commercial uses. For example, it is used to remove static electrical charges in certain industrial operations. The element is highly toxic. 

Polonium is the most metallic member of group 6A. But it is not a typical metal. It is rare, radioactive, and extremely toxic. Polonium is important historically because it was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and named for Marie s nabve land, Poland. Selenium and tellurium are metalloids oxygen and sulfur are nonmetals. There are some trends to note in group 6A. With six valence electrons, the elements act mainly as nonmetals. They tend to gain two electrons to form ions with a 2— charge they also can share two electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. 

Polonium decays by emission of an alpha particle, He. It is used in antistatic devices in textile mills to counteract the buildup of negative charges on fast moving fabric. 

The experimenters set up a lead-shielded box containing radioactive polonium, which emitted a beam of positively charged subatomic particles through a small hole. Today, we know that the particles of the beam consisted of clusters containing two protons and two neutrons and are called alpha particles. The sheet of gold foil was surrounded by a screen coated with zinc sulfide, which glows when struck by the positively charged particles of the beam. 

Rutherford s lead-shielded box contained radioactive polonium. As polonium decays, it emits helium nuclei, which consist of two protons and two neutrons. These nuclei are called alpha particles. Because they have no electrons, they are positively charged. 

All of the chalcogens form chalcogenide 2 anions such as oxides, sulfides, selenides, and tellurides. Selenium is used in photocopiers, it makes the electrostatic charge on the paper that directs where the ink sticks. Polonium is the most unique element in this period since it is a metal. Keep reading to find out the important properties of oxygen and sulfur, two very important chalcogen group elements. 

---