Polonium hydrogen

Inhalation vs. oral Americium-241 Californium-252 Cesium-137 Cobalt-60 Hydrogen-3 Iodine-125 Iodine-129 Iodine-131 Phosphoms-32 Plutonium-239 Polonium-210 Radium-226 Strontium-90 Thorium-232 Uranium-235... 

In the final purification, polonium is either dissolved in nitric acid and clectrodeposited onto platinum, or, better, gold (6, 25) the polonium is sublimed in a vacuum from the support metal or dissolved off the latter in dilute hydrochloric acid and precipitated as the monosulfide. Either hydrogen sulfide itself or the sulfide ion produced by the hydrolysis of thioacetamide may be used. The monosulfide is decomposed by heating under vacuum and the pure metal sublimed (14). 

The compound is produced by evaporating hydrochloric acid solutions of polonium (IV) 6, 26, 74), by heating the dioxide in carbon tetrachloride vapor 74), in hydrogen chloride, thionyl chloride or with phosphorus pentachloride 6) and by heating the metal in dry chlorine at 200°C (6, 25, 74). It is hygroscopic and hydrolyzes in moist air to a white solid, possibly a basic chloride (7)). The tetrachloride is soluble in thionyl chloride and in water with hydrolysis, and is moderately soluble in ethanol, acetone, and... 

Bipositive polonium in hydrochloric acid solution (pink) is oxidized to polonium(lV) by hydrogen peroxide, by hypochlorous acid or by the radiolysis products of the alpha bombardment of the solvent. Solutions of polonium(II) in acid are obtained by the reduction of polonium(lV) with sulfur dioxide or hydrazine in the cold, or with arsenious oxide on warming. Polonium (IV) is not reduced in hydrochloric acid by either hydroxylamine or oxalic acid, even on boiling 6). 

Polonium tetrabromide is a bright red solid which melts, in bromine vapor, at about 330°C (7, 75), and boils at 360°C/200 mm 75). It is prepared by heating polonium metal in bromine vapor at 200 mm pressure for 1 hour at 250°C (7, 75) or, more rapidly, in a stream of nitrogen saturated with bromine vapor at 200°-250°C, and by heating polonium dioxide in hydrogen bromide or by evaporating a solution of polonium(IV) in hydro-... 

Its solutions in dilute hydrobromic acid are a carmine-red (0.025 M PoBr4) and in more dilute solution (10 3 M), orange red. The tetrabromide is soluble in ethanol, acetone and some other ketones, and is sparingly soluble in liquid bromine. It is hygroscopic and is easily hydrolyzed to a white, basic bromide of variable composition. It forms a yellow ammine in ammonia gas and this yields polonium dibromide and polonium metal on standing, presumably because of radiation decomposition of the ammonia and subsequent hydrogen reduction of the tetrabromide (7). 

Polonium tetraiodide (8) is a black solid which sublimes in nitrogen at 200°C with partial decomposition to the metal. It is formed from the elements at 40°C/1 mm, by treating polonium dioxide or hydroxide with 0.1 N hydriodic acid, and is precipitated from solutions of polonium(lV) in dilute hydrochloric acid on the addition of 0.1 N hydriodic acid. It is also obtained as a black sublimate by heating polonium dioxide in hydrogen iodide at 200°C a black addition compound (PoCVxHI) is formed in the cold. Polonium metal does not react with iodine dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, but with iodine dissolved in benzene it does react to some extent. 

Both polonium derivatives are chemically very stable, requiring hot fuming nitric acid for their decomposition. However, they char rapidly under the intense alpha bombardment and attempted analyses with acetyl-acetone labeled with carbon-14 in the 1 and 3 positions were unsuccessful. It is interesting that the corresponding yellow oxide, prepared by treating (VI) with aqueous hydrogen peroxide, reverts to (VI) on treatment with aqueous alkali (12). 

These compounds have only been studied on the trace scale. An ether soluble polonium dibenzyl is reported (80, 118) to be formed by the action of dimethylphenylbenzy 1-ammonium chloride on sodium polonide/telluride mixtures in water saturated with hydrogen. The dimethyl was prepared in the same way, but with dimethyl sulfate (118) and may also be formed in... 

Nitrogen-14 was bombarded by alpha particles (helium nuclei), producing oxygen-17 and protons (hydrogen nuclei). In 1934, Irene Johot-Curie (1897- 1956), the daughter of Marie Curie, produced an isotope of phosphorus by bombarding aluminum-27 with alpha particles from polonium ... 

In [C6o][I,4-dihydroquinone]3 the Ceo molecules are trapped in a hydrogen-bonded super-polonium network of 1,4-dihydroquinone molecules. Unlike the (4) and... 

During the detection of ionization over the range of a-rays from polonium in a hydrogen atmosphere, abnormally rapid increases were observed when no solid window was present between the Po and the ionization chamber. This was not explainable by the volatility of Po nor to the transfer of Po together with the recoil atoms of Ra G. This was explained by the assumption that a hydride, H2P0 is formed, which diffuses into the ionization chamber. Such a compound is rapidly destroyed by a small concentration of air or through the action of a-rays. The formation of such a hydride would explain the very high absorption power of Pt and Pd for Po. 

Because of the diversity displayed, tabulation of the properties of the whole of Gp.VIB is not very helpful the elements range from the very electronegative, non-metallic oxygen to the metallic polonium. Reactivity towards metals and hydrogen decreases from oxygen to tellurium. Sulphur, selenium and tellurium react energetically with fluorine and chlorine, rather less activity with bromine ... 

Polonium is an extremely dangerous substance. When it breaks down, it gives olF alpha particles. These particles are tiny, atom-sized particles that can destroy cells. Polonium is considered to be more than 100 billion times more dangerous than hydrogen cyanide. The maximum su ested exposure to the element is no more than about seven one-hundred-billionths of a gram. 

Internally deposited naturally occurring radionuclides also contribute to the natural radiation dose from inhalation and ingestion of these materials when contained in air, food, and water. Included are radionuclides of lead, polonium, bismuth, radium, potassium, carbon, hydrogen, uranium, and thorium. Potassium-40 is the most prominent radionuclide in normal foods and human tissues. The dose to the total body from these internally deposited radionuclides has been estimated to be 39mremyear. ... 

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