Thorium series

URANIUM compounds), Pb from the thorium series, and Pb from the actinium series (see Actinides and transactinides). The crystal stmcture of lead is face-centered cubic the length of the edge of the cell is 0.49389 nm the number of atoms per unit cell is four. Other properties are Hsted in Table 1. 

Uranium Series 232 - Thorium Series 235 - Uranium Series ... 

Michel J (1984) Redistribution of uranium and thorium series isotopes during isovolumetric weathering of granite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48 1249-1255... 

Cochran JK, Bacon MP, Krishnaswami S, Turekian KK (1983) °Po and °Pb distributions in the central and eastern Indian Ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 65 433-445 Cochran JK, Livingston HD, Hirschberg DJ, Surprenant LD (1987) Natural and anthropogenic radionuclide distributions in the northwest Atlantic-ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 84 135-152 Cochran JK (1992) The oceanic chemistiy of the uranium and thorium-series nuclides In Uranium-series disequihbrium applications to earth, marine, and environmental sciences. Ivanovich M, Harmon RS (eds) Oxford University Press, New York, p 334-395... 

Kharkar DP, Thomson J, Turekian KK, Forster WO (1976) Uranium and thorium series nuclides in plankton from the Caribbean. Limnol Oceanogr 21 294-299 Krishnaswami S, Lai D, Somayajulu BLK, Weiss R, Craig H (1976) Large-volume in situ filtration of deep Pacific waters mineralogical and radioisotope studies. Earth Planet Sci Lett 32 420-429 Livingston HD, Cochran JK (1987) Determination of transuranic and thorium isotopes in ocean water in solution and in filterable particles. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 115 299-308 Masque P, Sanchez-Cabeza JA, Braach JM, Palacios E, Canals M (2002) Balance and residence times of °Pb and 4 o in surface waters of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Cont Shelf Res 22 2127-2146 Matsumoto E (1975) Th-234-U-238 radioactive disequilibrium in the surface layer of the oceans. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 39 205-212... 

Moore WS, Sackett WM (1964) Uranium and thorium series inequilibrium in seawater. Journal of Geophysical Research 69 5401-5405... 

Uranium- and thorium-series disequilibria have been analysed in soils and... 

Vigier N, Bourdon B, Turner S, Allegre CJ (2001) Erosion timescales derived from U-decay series measurements in rivers. Earth Planet Sci Lett 193 549-563 von Gunten HR, Roessler E, Lowson RT, Reid PD, Short SA (1999) Distribution of uranium- and thorium series radionuclides in mineral phases of a weathered lateritic transect of a uranium ore body. Chem Geol 160 225-240... 

Cochran JK (1984) The fates of U and Th decay series nuclides in the estuarine environment. In The Estuary as a Filter. Kennedy VS (ed) Academic Press, London, p 179-220 Cochran JK (1992) The oceanic chemistry of the uranium - and thorium - series nuclides. In Uranium-series Disequilibrium Applications to Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences. Ivanovich M, Harmon RS (eds) Clarendon Press, Oxford, p 334-395 Cochran JK, Masque P (2003) Short-lived U/Th-series radionuclides in the ocean tracers for scavenging rates, export fluxes and particle dynamics. Rev Mineral Geochem 52 461-492 Cochran JK, Carey AE, Sholkovitz ER, Surprenant LD (1986) The geochemistry of uranium and thorium in coastal marine-sediments and sediment pore waters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50 663-680 Corbett DR, Chanton J, Burnett W, Dillon K, Rutkowski C. (1999) Patterns of groundwater discharge into Florida Bay. Linrnol Oceanogr 44 1045-1055... 

Individual Standard Reference Materials containing 14C, 3H, and some naturally occurring uranium and thorium series radionuclides are available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These include ... 

From Figs. 1.1 and 1.2 it follows that the main end products of the uranium and thorium series are isotopes of lead (at the time referred to as Pb206.5 and ThO2208.4). The end products are thus isotopes of lead differing by two mass units. This observation became the motivation for the measurement of atomic weights of lead samples separated from thorium and uranium minerals. In his Nobel Lecture, Soddy describes this work as follows ... 

ISOTOPES There are 41 isotopes of polonium. They range from Po-188 to Po-219. All of them are radioactive with half-lives ranging from a few milliseconds to 102 years, the latter for its most stable isotope Po-209. Polonium is involved with several radioactive decay series, including the actinium series, Po-211 and Po-215 the thorium series, Po-212 and Po-216 and the uranium decay series, Po-210, Po-214, and Po-218. 

Huh C-A, Zahnie DL, Small LF, et al. 1987. Budgets and behaviors of uranium and thorium series isotopes in Santa Monica basin (California, USA) sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51 1743-1754. 

Joshi SR. 1987. Nondestructive determination of selected uranium and thorium-series radionuclides in biological samples. Health Phys 53 417-420. 

Joyet G. 1971. The thorium-series in cigarettes and lungs of smokers. Experientia 27 85-89. 

Laul JC, Smith MR, Thomas CW, et al. 1987. Analysis of natural radionuclides from uranium and thorium series in briney groundwaters. J Radioanal NucI Chem 110 101-112. 

McNeill KG, Molla MA, Harrison JE. 1973. Distribution of thorium series nuclides in beagles after intraspinal Thorotrast injection. Health Phys 24 403-409. 

The thorium series is apparently independent of the three just named. In 1905 Otto Hahn, working under Sir William Ramsay s direction, discovered radiothorium in the residues from a Ceylon mineral called thorianite, and two years later he showed that mesothorium is an intermediate disintegration product (19, 35, 36). 

In 1902 Rutherford and Soddy added ammonium hydroxide to a thorium solution, filtered off the thorium hydroxide precipitate, and found that, after they evaporated the thorium-free filtrate to dryness and fumed off the ammonium salts, the residue was much more active than the original thorium salt (18). This observation led them to the discovery of a new member of the thorium series, which they called thorium X. 

The Thorium Series. This series commences with U2Th and ends with the stable isotope 3n Pb. The decay scheme is represented by ... 

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