Pollution control equipment

L. Theodore and A. J. Bwomzox., Air Pollution Control Equipment—Selection, Design, Operation and Maintenance, Prentice-Hall, Englewood CHffs, N.J., 1982. 

Several developments are being pursued to utilize coal directly, ie, automation of controls, coal and ash handling equipment for smaller stoker and pulverized coal-fired units, design of packaged boiler units, and pollution control equipment. In the cement industry coal firing has been used, because the sulfur oxides react with some of the lime to make calcium sulfate in an acceptable amount. 

Medical uses for Udel resin include surgical trays, nebulizers, flow controllers for blood, and respiration regulators. Transportation applications center around automotive fuse housings, electrical connectors, and switches. Electrical and electronic end uses include coil bobbins, housings, connectors, bushings, capacitor film, and business machine parts. EinaHy, water, heater dip tubes, milking machine parts, pollution control equipment, and some filtration membranes are made. 

Sources Subject to Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Sources subject to PSD regulations (40 CFR, Sec. 52.21, Aug. 7, 1980) are major stationary sources and major modifications located in attainment areas and unclassified areas. A major stationaiy source was defined as any source hsted in Table 25-4 with the potential to emit 100 tons per year or more of any pollutant regulated under the Clean Air Act (CAA) or any other source with the potential to emit 250 tons per year or more of any CAA pollutant. The potential to emit is defined as the maximum capacity to emit the pollutant under apphcable emission standards and permit conditions (after apphcation of any air pollution control equipment) excluding secondaiy emissions. A major modification is defined as any physical or operational change of a major stationaiy source producing a significant net emissions increase of any CAA pollutant (see Table 25-5). 

Pohution prevention techniques must be evaluated through a thorough consideration of ah media, hence the term multimedia. This approach is a clear departure from previous pollution treatment or control techniques where it was acceptable to transfer a pollutant from one source to another in order to solve a waste problem. Such strategies merely provide short-term solutions to an ever increasing problem. As an example, air pollution control equipment prevents or reduces the discharge of waste into the air but at the same time can produce a solid (hazardous) waste problem. 

Aluminum Melting charging, melting, pouring Smoke and particulates Charging clean material (no paint or grease) proper operation required no air-pollution-control equipment if no fluxes are used and degassing is... 

The process of evaluating air emission permit apphcations for large sources which are subject to federal permitting requirements is called New Source Review (NSR) and can be quite complicated, taking from six mouths to four years to complete. An NSR application would be required for a new source which could emit 100 tons per year or more of any criteria pollutant, after accounting for any air pollution control equipment. 

Does the facility have pollution control equipment for ... 

For investment in or operation of pollution control equipment accelerated write-off of pollution control equipment... 

There has been extensive recent rethinking of the role of fees and fines as means of influencing industrial decision making with regard to investment in pollution control equipment and pollution-free processes. In their new roles, fees and fines take the form of tax write-offs and credits for polluhon control investment taxes on the sulfur and lead content of fuels continuing fines based on the pollution emission rate and effluent fees on the same basis. Tax write-offs and credits tend to be resisted by treasury officials because they diminish tax income. Air pollution control agencies tend to look with favor on such write-offs and credits because they result in air pollution control with minimal effort on the part of their staffs and with minimal effect on their budget. 

In many situations, the most desirable control of vapor-type discharges can be accomplished by condensation. Condensers may also be used ahead of other air pollution control equipment to remove condensable components. The reasons for using condensers include (1) recovery of economically valuable products, (2) removal of components that might be corrosive or damaging to other portions of the system, and (3) reduction of the volume of the effluent gases. 

Theodore, L., and Buonicore, A. J, "Air Pollution Control Equipment Selection, Design, Operation and Maintenance." Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1982,... 

A Competitive Assessment of U.S. Industrial Air Pollution Control Equipment Industry. " U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1991. 

A pesticide formulation plant should prepare and implement an emergency preparedness and response plan that takes into account neighboring land uses and the potential consequences of an emergency or accidental release of harmful substances. Measures to avoid the release of harmful substances should be incorporated in the design, operation, maintenance, and management of the plant. Pollution control equipment employed in this sector include baghouses for removal of particulate matter and carbon adsorption for removal of VOCs. 

Typical air pollution control equipment employed by the industry include the following stack gas scrubbing and/or carbon adsorption (for toxic organics) and... 

It is important to establish the volume of the process stream that is to be treated. There are companies that have not needed to buy pollution control equipment in the past. Their approach to eliminating pollution has been the more exhaust, the better. This is particularly true in the low margin industries. The more complex and high volume industries, e.g., the chemical industry, have normally been concerned about the air exhausted from their plant and have paid attention to the exhaust volume by process control. The industries that have not paid attention to exhaust volume are not sufficiently aware that when buying pollution control equipment the cost of that equipment is going to depend on two elements ... 

Clearly the largest application for filtration is air pollution control. On a worldwide basis the annual sales revenues for all types of pollution control equipment is around 150 billion dollars, with air pollution control devices being a substantial part of tliese equipment sales. The following is a summary of Web sites recommended to be consulted for specific vendor information on air filtration devices. A brief description of each site is provided. Many of these sites will link the reader to other sites containing additional information on product information. 

Report the total of aii releases to the air that occur through stacks, vents, ducts, pipes, or otherconfinedairstreams. You must include storage tank emissions. Air releases from air pollution control equipment would generally fail in this category. 

Various cost indices are published regularly. A conunonly used index is the Marshall and Swift (M S) equipment cost index published in the monthly magazine Chemical Engineering. For atmospheric pollution control equipment, the Vatavuk cost index may be used (Vatavuk, 1995). It is not recommended to use cost indices if the updating period exceeds ten years. 

The characteristics of the downstream pollution discharge must be monitored (see Fig. 13.18). It is essential that the operation and maintenance of the pollution control equipment be included in a quality audit procedure, assisting in determining the operation efficiency of the equipment and the formation of unwanted and possibly toxic compounds in the pollution control steps. Unsuitable operation of an incinerator may result in partial oxidation and formation of unwanted combustion products or excessive formation of MO. 

Many compounds can cause problems in pollutant-control equipment. Particulate matter, liquids, or solids in the waste stream can plug the adsorber beds, heat-recovery beds in regenerative thermal incinerator systems and biofilters. Conventional filtration systems are used to remove particulate matter before or after the process. 

As many emissions involve chlorinated compounds, corrosion is a major problem in many control methods. The corrosion of columns and surface condensers can be prevented or reduced by the correct material selection. However, corrosion remains a constant threat to the interior of incinerators. Additional pollution control equipment such as scrubbers may also be required to remove acidic compounds from treated gases before discharging into the atmosphere. 

Both these methods relate to the required removal efficiencies of the pollution control equipment. All abatement methods achieve high removal efficiencies when used in the correct applications (Fig. 13.19). The highest efficiency (with limitations) is in most cases achieved with incineration. When removal efficiencies of 99% or greater are required, incineration is usually recommended. ... 

Recovering and recycling organic compounds make possible some cost savings in the pollution control equipment. Savings may be in raw material costs, which are normally the most significant item of a chemical plant. Solvent recovery is best suited for applications dealing with expensive or easily... 

POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT 8000-8999. Wet Scrubbers 8000-8099. .Chemical Supply 8100-8199. .Scrubber... 

There are a variety of pollution control equipment options that can be incorporated into a plant to reduce and control any waste or pollution that is generated. 

L. Theodore and A. Buoiiicore.. Hr Pollution Control Equipment, CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL, 1988. 

L.Theodore and R. Allen, Air Pollution Control Equipment , A Theodore Tutorial, East Wilkston. NY, 1997. 

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