Recommended Web Sites

This chapter has only provided a brief overview of the technology of distillation. In part, to highlight some important engineering concepts and equipment, the following summary is given. As described, refinery main fractionators are distillation towers that separate very wide boiling fractions into a series of rough 

Refinery product separation falls into a number of common classes namely Main fractionators gas plants classical distillation, extraction (liquid-liquid), precipitation (solvent deasphalting), solid facilitated (Parex(TM), PSA), and Membrane (PRSIM(TM)). This list has been ordered from most common to least common. Main fractionators are required in every refinery. Nearly every refinery has some type of gas plant. Most refineries have classical distillation columns. Liquid-liquid extraction is in a few places. Precipitation, solid facilitated and membrane separations are used in specific applications. 

Product separation for main fractionators is also often called black oil separation. Main fractionators are typically used for such operations as preflash separation, atmospheric crude, gas oil crude, vacuum preflash crude, vacuum crude, visbreaking, coking, and fluid catalytic cracking. In all these services the object is to recover clean, boiling range components from a black multicomponent mixture. But main fractionators are also used in hydrocracker downstream processing. This operation has a clean feed. Nevertheless, whenever you hear the term black oil, understand that what is really meant is main fractionator processing. 

Gas plants are integrated tower systems intended to recover LPG range material and separate it from naphtha products. This stabilizes the naphtha and reduces its vapor pressure. The LPG material may either be saturate gases going to LPG or unsaturates going to further processing. Gas plants on preflash and atmospheric crude processing units are saturate gas plants. Gas plants on FCC units are unsaturate gas plants. Coker and visbreaker gas plants are somewhere between the two. 

Extraction (discussed in Chapter 5) uses the selective adsorption of a component in a liquid to separate specific molecules from a stream. In application extraction may be coupled with its cousins, extractive distillation and azeotropic distillation, to improve extraction efficiency. Typical refinery extraction applications involve aromatics recovery (UDEX) and lubricants processing (furfural, NMP). Extractive distillation and azeotropic distillation are rarely employed in a refinery. The only 

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Recommended Web Sites on Product Information for fabric filters and related devices ... 

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, http //fusion.erau.edu/er/library/websites/rw/ (accessed July 15, 2010). The Recommended Web sites page on this Web site presents a wide-ranging list of sites on aeronautical and aerospace engineering topics. 

Lackie, J. 2010. Oxford Dictionary of Biomedicine. New York Oxford University Press. This dictionary contains over 9,000 entries covering a wide range of topics in medicine and bioscience. Includes links to recommended Web sites for many of the listings. 

Water Librarian s Homepage http //www.interleaves.org/ rteeter/waterlib.html (accessed November 3,2010). This site contains a variety of useful links in the field of water resources with recommended Web sites. 

Some excellent and highly recommend web sites include onesixsigma.com and qualitydigest.com they present several informative articles. 

The 1993 lUPAC recommendations and their more widely used 1979 predecessors may both be ac cessed at the same web site... 

As you know, most countries are phasing out certain refrigerants to lessen damage to the ozone layer. The chemicals being phased out are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Replacements are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and certain blends. The DuPont web site (www.dupont.com) gives the handy Table I of recommended replacement refrigerants for various applications. 

At the end of this chapter you will find a summary of the topics discussed in this volume. This will help you to focus on specific areas of reading that are most useful to you. There is also a list of recommended resources, including Web sites. 

Each chapter contains a section on recommended resources, which includes Web sites. Some of these sites contain additional tools such as software that you can download for calculation purposes or for equipment selection information or financial calculations. Developing a strong library of references and Web sites is important to acquiring skills and staying abreast with the technology advances in air pollution abatement. 

An acid dipping operation for metal parts involves the use of a 75% strength sulfuric acid solution. Develop recommendations for the Maximum Achievable Control Technology for controlling the air emissions from such an operation. Hint Take some time to look at the EPA Web sites dealing with MACT standards and pollution prevention. 

There are a number of Web sites where meteorological information can be obtained, and a simple search on www.google.com will help you to identify sources. Two sites that are recommended are ... 

There are many excellent textbooks on the subject of distillation, however with the explosion of information on the World Wide Web, process engineers can now gain almost instant access to calculation methods and model simulations which will walk the engineer through the important design steps. The following Web sites are recommended to be reviewed and accessed by the reader. 

Section B The following references and Web sites are recommended for more in-... 

Section C The following Web sites are recommended for additional information... 

Clearly the largest application for filtration is air pollution control. On a worldwide basis the annual sales revenues for all types of pollution control equipment is around 150 billion dollars, with air pollution control devices being a substantial part of tliese equipment sales. The following is a summary of Web sites recommended to be consulted for specific vendor information on air filtration devices. A brief description of each site is provided. Many of these sites will link the reader to other sites containing additional information on product information. 

At the end of this chapter you will find three annexes. The first of these is a list of nomenclature used in the chapter. There are quite a few equations that are sununarized in the foregoing sections and hence, you will need to refer to this annex from time to time. The second annex is a list of recommended references that I have relied on over the years, plus some interesting Web sites for you to visit for vendor-specific information as well as supplemental design and equipment sizing information. The final annex is the Questions for Thinking and Discussing. Remember to refer to the Glossary at the end of the book if you run across any terms that are unfamiliar to you. 

Recommend that you sutj" the following Web sites for detailed equipment information on ion exchangers and carbon adsorption. 

Cost None. The source and executable versions of the code may be downloaded Irom EPA s web site http //www.epa.gov/scram001/t22.htm. Look in "Non-EPA Models 27T -yrm Computer IBM compatible, math co-processor recommended, 512 kB RAM, runs in DO i... 

If you are interested in learning more about assessment tools for drug problems, there are several great resources to find them. I recommend several books at the end of this chapter that may help. In addition, many assessment tools can be found on the Internet. The best places to look include Web sites for the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA http //www.drugabuse.gov) and... 

For current guidelines and recommendations of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, refer to the web site of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 

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