Condensate removal

Dissolve 10 g. of sym.-tribromoaniline (Section IV,47) in 60 ml. of rectified spirit and 15 ml. of benzene in a 200 ml. bolt-head flask by heat ing on a water bath. Add, from a burette or small graduated pipette, 5-3 g. (3-5 ml.) of concentrated sulphuric acid to the hot solution and gently swirl the liquid. Attach a reflux condenser to the flask and heat on a water bath until the clear solution boils. Detach the condenser, remove the flask from the water bath, and add 3 5 g. of powdered sodium... 

Condensate Polishing. Ion exchange can be used to purify or poHsh returned condensate, removing corrosion products that could cause harmful deposits in boilers. Typically, the contaminants in the condensate system are particulate iron and copper. Low levels of other contaminants may enter the system through condenser and pump seal leaks or carryover of boiler water into the steam. Condensate poHshers filter out the particulates and remove soluble contaminants by ion exchange. 

Figure 3-44. Surface condenser condensate removal. Closed system steam surface condenser NPSH requirements. (By permission, Cameron Hydraulic Data, 16th ed. ingersoil-Rand Co., 1979, p. 1-12.)...

Q. = heat load of overhead condenser (removed in condenser), Btu/hr... 

Proper condensate removal is important. An inverted split cup inside the shell, with the upper capped end above the nozzle and the lower open end -in. above the bottom tubesheet, should be used to cover the oudet nozzle. This can be made by splitting a pipe that is one size larger than the condensate oudet down the centerline. In this case, a 2-in. split is adequate. This cup must be fully seal welded (not tack welded) to force condensate down to the -in. clearance above the bottom tubesheet. A common error is to allow 6 in. or more above the tubesheet for the centerline of the condensate oudet. In this case, 6 in. of tube is 10% of the surface. If the cup is not used, add 10% more tubes to correct for the dead liquid space near the bottom. This is in addidon to the 10% safety factor. 

David A. Hounshell and John Kenly Smith, Jr. The Nylon Drama. American Heritage of Invention and Technology. 4 (Fall 1988) 40-55. Source for condensation removing water 12,000 molecular weight patent argument and toothbrushes. 

With step polymerisation, the progress of polymerisation is measured by viscosity. It can also be estimated from the amount of condensate removed. 

The chemicals used in syntheses were used as received from the supplier. The unsaturated polyesters were prepared by standard methods from the diacids and diols using butyl stannoic acid (Fascat 4100) as the catalyst. The water of condensation removed using a xylene azeotrope and after reaching the desired acid value the xylene was removed by distillation. The synthesis of unsaturated polyester A is representative. 

An evaporator operating on the thermo-recompression principle employs a steam ejector to maintain atmospheric pressure over the boiling liquid. The ejector uses 0.14 kg/s of steam at 650 kN/m2, and is superheated by 100 K and the pressure in the steam chest is 205 kN/m2. A condenser removes surplus vapour from the atmospheric pressure line. What is the capacity and economy of the system and how could the economy be improved ... 

Pipette 20.00ml of the 0.200N p-Nitroaniline soln into the reduction flask. Pipette 25ml of titanous chloride approx 0.2N into the same flask. Add 25ml of 6N HC1 (by cylinder), and a few glass beads. Connect the reduction flask to a reflux condenser and boil for 15 mins. Cool the flask to RT without disconnecting the condenser (lift the flask and condenser, remove the heater, and let the flask down into a pan of cold water)... 

With the condenser removed, the acidic soln of mercuric nitrate was poured into the alcohol and then the condenser was replaced. After about 2—3 minutes, a violent reaction started and the liquid boiled with evoln of white fumes. Most of these fumes were recovered by the condenser, however. As the reaction approached the end point, the color of the fumes usually changed to brownish-red due to the decomposition of nitric acid by heat. As this heat might... 

Figure 3.9. Steam heaters, (a) Flow of steam is controlled off the PF outlet temperature, and condensate is removed with a steam trap or under liquid level control. Subject to difficulties when condensation pressure is below atmospheric, (b) Temperature control on the condensate removal has the effect of varying the amount of flooding of the heat transfer surface and hence the rate of condensation. Because the flow of condensate through the valve is relatively slow, this mode of control is sluggish compared with (a). However, the liquid valve is cheaper than the vapor one. (c) Bypass of process fluid around the exchanger. The condensing pressure is maintained above atmospheric so that the trap can discharge freely, (d) Cascade control. The steam pressure responds quickly to upsets in steam supply conditions. The more sluggish PF temperature is used to adjust the pressure so as to maintain the proper rate of heat transfer.

The flask is then cooled in ice-water, the condenser removed, and a slow current of carbon dioxide, washed and dried as in the previous experiment, led into the ethereal solution, which may still contain traces of undissolved magnesium. The cooling must be continued throughout the... 

The isotopic composition of the vapor and condensate are simply offset at any given height in the atmosphere by the appropriate equilibrium fractionation factor and hence the derivative of the isotopic composition for the vapor and condensate with respect to elevation are identical as described below by Equation (1). Open system distillation, as modeled by Rayleigh condensation, removes the condensate as it condenses from the vapor leaving the isotopic composition of the residual vapor progressively depleted in lsO and 2H. We use Q = -In(p/ps)... 

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