Liquid chromatography environmental pollutant

For selective estimation of phenols pollution of environment such chromatographic methods as gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector (ISO method 8165) and high performance liquid chromatography with UV-detector (EPA method 625) is recommended. For determination of phenol, cresols, chlorophenols in environmental samples application of HPLC with amperometric detector is perspective. Phenols and chlorophenols can be easy oxidized and determined with high sensitivity on carbon-glass electrode. 

Dqbrowski, L., H. Giergielewicz-Mozajska, M. Biziuk, et al. 2002. Some aspects of the analysis of environmental pollutants in sediments using pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography— mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 957 59-67. 

Mass spectrometry (MS) is now a well-accepted tool for the identification as well as quantitation of unknown compounds. The combination of MS with powerful separation methods such as gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) provides a technique which is widely accepted for the identification of unknown components in complex mixtures from a wide variety of problems such as environmental pollutants, biological fluids, insect pheromones, chemotaxonomy, and synthetic fuels. The importance of such analyses has grown exponentially in the last few years there are now well over a thousand GC/MS instruments in use around the world, most with dedicated computer systems which make possible the collection from each of hundreds of unknown mass spectra per day (1). 

His research interests include air and water pollution, liquid chromatography, and applications of different chromatographic techniques in food, water, and environmental parameters analysis. 

The automation of sample collection and treatment in gas chromatography has had a less extensive development than in HPLC. Some of the systems described above can be used in GC by introducing slight modifications if liquid samples are to be used. Thus, a continuous unsegmented liquid-liquid extraction system was recently developed for the determination of water pollutants [2B]. Below are discussed two commercial systems as examples of automation prior to introduction of the sample into a gas chromatograph in dealing with two analytical problems control of environmental pollution and analysis for volatile compounds in solid or semi-solid samples. 

Chemical analysis of hazardous substances in air, water, soil, sediment, or solid waste can best be performed by instrumental techniques involving gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), GC/mass spectrometry (MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA) (for the metals). GC techniques using a flame ionization detector (FID) or electron-capture detector (BCD) are widely used. Other detectors can be used for specific analyses. However, for unknown substances, identification by GC is extremely difficult. The number of pollutants listed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are only in the hundreds — in comparison with the thousands of harmful... 

Environmental assessment studies require characterization of PNAs in large numbers of samples over extended periods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have demonstrated their capability to provide specific information for samples containing complex mixtures of pollutants. The GC/MS and HPLC methods, however, require sophisticated and expensive instrumentation and elaborate experimental procedures. Two techniques, synchronous luminescence (SL) and room temperature phosphoresence (RTP), developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have been applied to the work... 

Analytical Chemistry Environmental Geochemistry Environmental Observation and Forecasting Systems Environmental Toxicology Gas Chromatography Liquid Chromatography Pollution, Air Pollution Control Pollution, Environmental Soil and Groundwater Pollution Water Pollution... 

The first task of the specialist in environmental pollution studies is identification of the chemical substances that cause deleterious effects. This is followed by an effort to identify the pathways by which these substances have reached their locus of action, to find their sources, and finally to eliminate or minimize those sources. The tools for identification and measnrement of the amounts of such substances are those of analytical chemistry, namely, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, gas and liquid chromatography, differential thermal analysis, and neutron activation analysis. These snbjects are discussed fully elsewhere in this encyclopedia. 

The analysis of pollutants in environmental samples is complicated by the fact that these compounds are often part of a very complex mixture of hundreds of chemicals and that they are present at extremely low concentrations. Thus, any instrumental technique that is to be used successfully in environmental analysis should allow the separation of such complex mixtures and the identification of the constituents at trace level. Mass spectrometry (MS) is particularly suited for this purpose as it can be coupled with the most important instrumental separation techniques - gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) - while at the same time it is one of the most sensitive instrumental methods available for the analysis of contaminants. Moreovei it is not only the sensitivity, but also the specificity that makes MS the most powerful instrumental method in environmental analysis. 

The application of cyclodextrins (CDs) in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as mobile-phase additives and components of stationary phases is briefly discussed. The advantageous separation characteristics of CDs in various HPLC technologies ate demonstrated using pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants as analytes. 

The determination of environmental pollutants at trace level is currently a very important and challenging issue. Gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been used for the analysis of environmental pollutants but, in recent years, CE has also been used for the determination of environmental pollutants. A search of the literature indicates several reports of the analysis of environmental pollutants by CE, but CE could not have yet achieved a place in the routine analysis of these pollutants. The reason for this is the poor detection of metal ions and anions and the poor reproducibility of CE methods. Therefore, many workers have suggested various modifications and alternatives to make CE a... 

---