High performance liquid environmental pollutants

For selective estimation of phenols pollution of environment such chromatographic methods as gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector (ISO method 8165) and high performance liquid chromatography with UV-detector (EPA method 625) is recommended. For determination of phenol, cresols, chlorophenols in environmental samples application of HPLC with amperometric detector is perspective. Phenols and chlorophenols can be easy oxidized and determined with high sensitivity on carbon-glass electrode. 

High-performance liquid chromatographic separation with electrochemical detection may provide the best sensitivity for phenol quantification in biological samples. The use of gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector may be a more versatile method, if other non-ionic pollutants must be quantified. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods available for the quantification of phenol and metabolites in biological and environmental samples have been discussed by Tesarova and Packova(1983). 

Mass spectrometry (MS) is now a well-accepted tool for the identification as well as quantitation of unknown compounds. The combination of MS with powerful separation methods such as gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) provides a technique which is widely accepted for the identification of unknown components in complex mixtures from a wide variety of problems such as environmental pollutants, biological fluids, insect pheromones, chemotaxonomy, and synthetic fuels. The importance of such analyses has grown exponentially in the last few years there are now well over a thousand GC/MS instruments in use around the world, most with dedicated computer systems which make possible the collection from each of hundreds of unknown mass spectra per day (1). 

Chemical analysis of hazardous substances in air, water, soil, sediment, or solid waste can best be performed by instrumental techniques involving gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), GC/mass spectrometry (MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA) (for the metals). GC techniques using a flame ionization detector (FID) or electron-capture detector (BCD) are widely used. Other detectors can be used for specific analyses. However, for unknown substances, identification by GC is extremely difficult. The number of pollutants listed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are only in the hundreds — in comparison with the thousands of harmful... 

Environmental assessment studies require characterization of PNAs in large numbers of samples over extended periods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have demonstrated their capability to provide specific information for samples containing complex mixtures of pollutants. The GC/MS and HPLC methods, however, require sophisticated and expensive instrumentation and elaborate experimental procedures. Two techniques, synchronous luminescence (SL) and room temperature phosphoresence (RTP), developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have been applied to the work... 

The application of cyclodextrins (CDs) in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as mobile-phase additives and components of stationary phases is briefly discussed. The advantageous separation characteristics of CDs in various HPLC technologies ate demonstrated using pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants as analytes. 

Because of the high separation power, reliability, and reproducibility, various high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods have been extensively employed for the separation and quantitative determination of a considerable number of compounds, including pharmaceuticals, food components, environmental pollutants. 

The determination of environmental pollutants at trace level is currently a very important and challenging issue. Gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been used for the analysis of environmental pollutants but, in recent years, CE has also been used for the determination of environmental pollutants. A search of the literature indicates several reports of the analysis of environmental pollutants by CE, but CE could not have yet achieved a place in the routine analysis of these pollutants. The reason for this is the poor detection of metal ions and anions and the poor reproducibility of CE methods. Therefore, many workers have suggested various modifications and alternatives to make CE a... 

As previously mentioned, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is now frequently used as the method of choice for the chiral resolution of a wide range of racemic compounds, including dmgs, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and environmental pollutants. The wide application of HPLC is due to the development of various chiral stationary phases and its reproducibility. However, HPLC suffers from certain drawbacks, as the chiral... 

Colorimetry, capillary electrophoresis (CE), ° mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography coupled with different detectors, and spectral techniques are the most commonly employed methods for trace environmental analysis of pesticides and also are part of regulations in monitoring the environmental pollutants. 

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