Plastic laminate

Laminates, plastic Laminating Laminating resins Lamination... 

The Fe, Co, and Ni deposits are extremely fine grained at high current density and pH. Electroless nickel, cobalt, and nickel—cobalt alloy plating from fluoroborate-containing baths yields a deposit of superior corrosion resistance, low stress, and excellent hardenabiUty (114). Lead is plated alone or ia combination with tin, iadium, and antimony (115). Sound iasulators are made as lead—plastic laminates by electrolyticaHy coating Pb from a fluoroborate bath to 0.5 mm on a copper-coated nylon or polypropylene film (116) (see Insulation, acoustic). Steel plates can be simultaneously electrocoated with lead and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (117). Solder is plated ia solutioas containing Pb(Bp4)2 and Sn(Bp4)2 thus the lustrous solder-plated object is coated with a Pb—Sn alloy (118). 

In a variant of the horizontal form/fill/seal operation, the material, moving in a horizontal direction, is folded on itself vertically. Vertical sections of the two faces are heat-sealed to each other to form a pouch, which may then be filled. The pouch, usually made from film or paper bonded to aluminum foil plus a plastic laminant and heat sealant, is closed by a heat seal. This type of pouch gives high moisture and oxygen protection and is used for moisture-and flavor-sensitive condiments and beverage mixes. 

The decorative plastic laminates widely used for countertops and cabinets are based on melamine—formaldehyde resin (see Laminates). Several layers of phenohc-saturated kraft paper are placed in a press and a sheet of a-ceUulose paper printed with the desired design and impregnated with melamine—formaldehyde resin is placed over them. Then a clear a-ceUulose sheet, similarly impregnated with the resin, is placed on top to form a clear, protective surface over the decorative sheet. The assembly is cured under heat and pressure up to 138°C and 10 MPa (1450 psi). A similar process is used to make wall paneling, but because the surfaces need not be as resistant to abrasion and wear, laminates for wall panels are cured under lower pressure, about 2 MPa (290 psi). 

Coffee vacuum-packed in flexible, bag-in-box packages has gained wide acceptance in Europe. The inner liner, usually a plastic-laminated foil, is formed into a hard brick shape during the vacuum process (30). In the United States, a printed multilaminated flexible stmcture is used to form the brick pack which is sold as is at retail. These types of packages provide a barrier to moisture and oxygen similar to that of a metal can. 

Inert gas flush packing in plastic-laminated pouches, although less effective than vacuum packing, can remove or displace 80—90% of the oxygen in the package. These packages offer satisfactory shelf life and are sold primarily to institutions. 

Plastic laminated sheets produced in 1913 led to the formation of the Formica Products Company and the commercial introduction, in 1931, of decorative laminates consisting of a urea—formaldehyde surface on an unrefined (kraft) paper core impregnated with phenoHc resin and compressed and heated between poHshed steel platens (8,10). The decorative surface laminates are usually about 1.6 mm thick and bonded to wood (a natural composite), plywood (another laminate), or particle board (a particulate composite). Since 1937, the surface layer of most decorative laminates has been fabricated with melamine—formaldehyde, which can be prepared with mineral fiUers, thus offering improved heat and moisture resistance and allowing a wide range of decorative effects (10,11). 

Fan blades can be made of aluminum, molded plastic, laminated plastic, carbon steel, stainless steel, and Monel. 

Bert, C.W., Mills, E.J., Gideon, D.N., and Stein, R.A., Preliminary Survey on Hypervelocity-Impact Properties of Plastics and Plastic Laminates, Battelle Memorial Institute Special Report, Columbus, OH, 24 pp., June 1963. 

Solvent-borne CR adhesives allow almost any two substrates to stick together. The adhesives are extensively used in bonding high-pressure plastic laminates, automotive adhesives, adhesives for construction and shoe adhesives. 

In the labeling market, hot melts provide the capability to bond non-porous films to plastic cans and bottles. Hot melt usage has grown with the prevalence of such plastic to plastic laminations. The choice of hot melts depends on the equipment, the substrates, whether the bottles are filled or unfilled, and any post-labeling processing (e.g. pasteurization, or heat shrinkage of the film). 

A serrated piece of aluminum used to work a plastic laminate. Purpose of device is to compact a laminate and to break up large air pockets to permit release of entrapped air. 

Roller A serrated piece of aluminum used to work a plastic laminate. 

Plastics are generally without action on aluminium and are widely used to provide insulation between other metals and aluminium, while the use of aluminium/plastic laminates is increasing. Rubber has no effect upon aluminium. 

Polyfvinyl butyral) is used as the plastic laminate in the preparation of automobile windshield safety glass. How would you synthesize this polymer ... 

Some wood furniture is now faced with plastic laminate. Its resistance to chemicals is superior to that of most regular finishes, and color choices are wide. Best of all, such surfaces are very easy to keep clean. In case of damage, however, repairs can be difficult. 

In European laboratories, ceramic tile is very popular, but it is rarely seen here. The cost is well below that of monolithic slabs but considerably higher than that of plastic laminate. Its resistance to both chemicals and heat is outstanding. In case of damage, single tiles may be replaced. Modem materials used for grouting are also very resistant to chemicals. The slightly uneven surface does not seem to cause any complaints among users. 

In another facility, bench tops in the main room were covered with epoxy-treated monolithic material to resist the hard wear anticipated. The side room, where instrument work was to be carried out, was equipped with tops of plastic laminate. This resulted in substantial savings. Somehow it was difficult to convince the engineering firm in charge of building the laboratory that monolithic material, which they had recommended throughout, was not necessary everywhere. 

In a case where a fiune hood was to be placed on a portion of counter faced with plastic laminate, the planner found an economical solution. Since the plastic laminate was not suitable for use with a fume hood, he ordered a sheet of monolithic material Va inch thick and had it cut to the exact dimensions of the hood. The cost was just a fraction of that of a full thickness top. The sheet was put in place and the edges were treated with a silicone compound. This treatment stood up against highly corrosive materials as weU as heat for many years. 

They did compromise by using laboratory grade plastic laminate in the instrument room, where chemical spills were rare. It proved to have a higher resistance than anticipated. The monolithic tops, as expected, took a great deal of punishment with no damage. The laboratory operator, though, would have settled happily for the far less expensive ceramic tile. 

MIR techniques have simplified obtaining infrared spectra of many materials important in packaging. These include rubber, plastics, laminations, and components of these materials that find use in pumps, sample packages, and devices. The combination of MIR and computerized pattern recognition techniques can be used for differentiating and classification of flexible packaging polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC), acrylonitrile (Barex), and CTFE (Aclar) [22]. 

Coal Polyethylene Mixed plastics Laminate Sandwich... 

Anti-fouling tests were carried out on brush coated plastic laminate panels which had been given a primary coating of anti-corrosion paint. Performance was measured by visual observations of the panels after prolonged immersion (4 - 12 months) in a known high-fouling estuarine environment. 

Figure 5. Influence of subunit size on diffusion paths in starch-plastic laminates containing equal volumes of starch and plastic (not to scale). A and C intact film B and D after starch removal. Arrows indicate constrictions that would control diffusion processes.

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