Preliminary Survey

The purpose of the detailed survey is to ensure a cost-effective repair in line with the client s requirements. This is done by accurately defining and measuring the cause, extent and severity of deterioration. In Chapter 7, we will discuss how test measurements may be used to model the deterioration rate, time to corrosion and life cycle costing. We will need to know how much damage has been done and what has caused the damage. Quantities for repair tenders will probably be based on the results of this survey, so a full survey of all affected elements may be required. Alternatively a full visual survey may be required, with a hammer (delamination) survey of all accessible locations. A number of representative areas may be selected for a detailed survey of cover depths, carbonation depths, chloride content or profile, half cell potentials and other techniques described in the following sections of this chapter. 

as is generally the case, analytical data are lacking on the contamination, it becomes necessary to utilize the behavior of the unwanted properties to diagnose a situation. As any measurable property can serve to describe the modus operandi we shall consider a hypothetical situation in which an unwanted color is to be removed. The first step to be taken is to add a suitable dose of appropriate activated carbons to portions of the liquid to be decolorized, and maintain contact under conditions that could be employed in an industrial operation. If no decolorization results (assuming that the color is not a property of the product itself), this indicates that the colored bodies are not adsorbable and so we should turn to other means. 

however, the liquid is decolorized sufficiently, this indicates that the contamination is adsorbable and is present in small concentrations in which event a brief further study may suffice to learn optimum operating conditions. 

Another possibility is that the preliminary survey may show appreciable decolorization, but not sufficient to meet standards of quality for the product. Such a finding can be interpreted as showing the presence of  

Either conclusion would suggest the advisability of searching other 

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Bert, C.W., Mills, E.J., Gideon, D.N., and Stein, R.A., Preliminary Survey on Hypervelocity-Impact Properties of Plastics and Plastic Laminates, Battelle Memorial Institute Special Report, Columbus, OH, 24 pp., June 1963. 

The 16 possible motifs shown in Figure 2.21b never occur. Even if this database is limited compared with the universe of existing proteins, the survey clearly demonstrates that a few topological arrangements occur much more frequently than others, and that most possible complex motifs never occur or occur only in a few cases. In 1995 a preliminary survey of a much larger database of known structures yielded the same basic conclusions. 

Metal Detection (MD) MD measures instrument responses to deposits of ferrous and nonferrous metals up to 10 to 20 ft deep. Detection of high-density deposits in shallow depths. Good inexpensive preliminary survey tool. Background conductivities greater than 40 millimhos/meter impairs results. Wet clay soils impair resluts. 

The assessment was conducted by using a preliminary survey followed by an audit... 

For a preliminary survey of the electron density, it is usual to make a pictorial representation as we did in previous chapters. Whilst such diagrams do not carry much information, they do provide a theoretical measure which can be compared to the results of X-ray diffraction studies. A whole volume of the Transactions of the American Chemical Society (1972) was devoted to the Symposium Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Electron Densities . 

Gulick, R.H. van. Sexual life in ancient China a preliminary survey of Chinese... 

William RT, Alfred LL (1927) The chemical effects of high frequency sound waves 1. A Preliminary Survey. J Am Chem Soc 49 3086-3100... 

It is clear, however, that the extensive problems concerning phytochemical relationships which have been raised as the result of the work summarized in this review cannot be resolved in the present state of knowledge. So far, in spite of the considerable attention given by many workers in this difficult field, little more than a preliminary survey of the possibilities has been achieved. Further investigations, which will almost certainly require novel methods of approach, will be necessary in order to decide unequivocally the structural formulas of the components of pectic materials, and only when such further knowledge is available will it be feasible to reach definite conclusions regarding their phytochemical relationships. 

Uthe, J.F. and E.G. Bligh. 1971. Preliminary survey of heavy metal contamination of Canadian freshwater fish. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Canada 28 786-788. 

Data taken from a preliminary survey of compounds in the Dictionary of Organometallic Compounds, compiled by G. Parkin and C. Zachmanoglou. 

A brief overview on why most of the autoxidation reactions develop complicated kinetic patterns is given in Section II. A preliminary survey of the literature revealed that the majority of autoxidation studies were published on a small number of substrates such as L-ascor-bic acid, catechols, cysteine and sulfite ions. The results for each of these substrates will be discussed in a separate section. Results on other metal ion mediated autoxidation reactions are collected in Section VII. In recent years, non-linear kinetic features were discovered in some systems containing dioxygen. These reactions form the basis of a new exciting domain of autoxidation chemistry and will be covered in Section VIII. 

Reactions in various alkyl halide solvents. A preliminary survey of polymerisations catalysed by titanium tetrachloride in various alkyl halide solvents was undertaken using highly purified materials and a vacuum technique. The most important qualitative result obtained was that in the solvents methylene dichloride, ethyl chloride, ethylene dichloride,... 

PCB isotopic compositions have been reported for mixtures produced by Monsanto (USA), Bayer (Germany), and Caffaro (Italy) (e.g., Reddy et al. 2000 Drenzek et al. 2002). The Monsanto mixtures (Arochlors) were supplied from three separate environmental standard suppliers. The 5 C1 values of all the samples fell within a limited range of-3.37 to -2.11%o. However, there were resolvable differences between the same Arochlor mixture supplied from different sources. A preliminary survey of contaminated sediments (e.g., Reddy et al. 2000) indicated that two samples which have PCBs that have been affected by alteration as evidenced by the lower amounts of less chlorinated congeners were isotopically distinct from the range of the source materials (assumed to be similar to the analyzed pure samples) while other samples were not distinguishable from the source material. 

Fernandez-Salguero, J. and Mackie, I.M. (1987). Technical note Preliminary survey of the content of histamine and other higher amines in some samples of Spanish canned fish, Int. J. Food Sci. Techno ., 22, 409. 

The philosophy of a preliminary survey analysis is used to help define the extent of potential risk (Level I analysis). Data gathered in the Level I survey analysis is used as a protocol for more detailed analysis (Level II). At Level III, a detailed analysis is made as a function of system parameters and time. 

Birmingham DJ, Key AIM Preliminary Survey, US Borax Plant, Boron California (Feb 20,1963). Occup Health Research Training Facility, Div of Occup Health, Public Health Service, US Department of Health, Education Welfare, Cincinnati, OH, 1963... 

M. Cutler et al, Preliminary Survey on Incendiary Pellet Warheads for Guided Missiles, Guided Missile Rept No 7 (Dec 1948), Tech Command, Army Chem Center, Md 14a) L. Finkelstein A.E. Gaul, Incendiaries, Vol 18, History of Research Development of Chemical Warfare Service in World War 11, The Chemical Corps Association, Washington, DC, Reinhold,... 

Anticipation. Because no substitute can satisfactorily replace first hand observation, a preliminary survey of the proposed study area is usually the best preparation for a detailed survey and data collection. If a preliminary survey is not feasible, consultation with knowledgeable colleagues and telephone liaison with personnel at the survey site assumes greater importance. 

Comments by the experts resulting from this preliminary survey are sent to their respective pharmacopeial secretariat, preferably within two months. However, the comment period should not exceed four months. Within two months of receipt of the comments, the pharmacopeial secretariat should consolidate the comments and forward them to the coordinating pharmacopeia. 

Such preliminary surveys should take into consideration the geotechnical mapping of the construction area as well. At this stage the construction cost would be determined with a total inaccuracy of 15-25%. 

Nasution, A.H., Muraoka, I. et al. (1999). Preliminary survey of Bejawa geothermal area, Ngada district, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, 23, 467-72. 

The opportunity to obtain molecular weight and structural information from very polar involatile materials by field desorption as described in this preliminary survey offers many advantages for the study of glycolipid structures. 

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